I 552; X, 94, etc.); but this reproa<^ is not justly levelled against the Clialdsans of the empire, and indeed it was but partially deserved so late as the reign of An- gustus (see Strabo, xvi, 1, § 6). Josephus, however, uses the word in tiiis sense QWtWf ii, 7, 88). — Smith, s. V.
I Upon the walls of the Assyrian palaces are rep-
I resentations of various magi, all distinguished by
I a peculiarity of dress. It
I may be difficult to deter- mine the class to which
, they respectively belong, but there is one (Botta, pi.
' xliii) who may be particn-
I larized as a diviner, and probably of the Chaldsan race, for his person is
> much thinner, and his fea-
, tures are more delicate than are those of the other attendants of the court, in- dicating a different order of occupations, and an ex- emption from the ruder and more active employ- ments of life. — Fairbairn, 8. V. See DiviNEB.
Chaldasau Diviner.
Chalice (Lat. calix\ the cup in which the wine of the Eucharist is administered. At first, when the Christians were poor, the cups were of common mate- rials ; but when they grew rich, the cups were of the most costly materials they could afford, such as onvx, sardonyx, silver, and gold. The chalices are of two kinds, the greater, containing a large quantity of wine, and the less, called mmuteriales^ because the priefts deliver the wine to be drunk out of them.— Bingham, Orig. Eccles. bk. viii, ch. vi, § 21 ; Doughtaus, de Ca- Itc. Euchar. Vet, (Helmst. 1726); Siegel, AUerthiimer, i, 61.
Chalk. The Heb. ^-^ft, ^, thus rendered in Isa. xxvii, 9, properly denotes lime. To make the stones of the Hebrew altars like lime-fitones h to cmmUe and destroy them. See Liuk.
Challah. See Talmud.
Challamish. See Flint.
Challamuth. See Purslain.
Challenge. See Sutgle Combat.
Challoner, Richard, an English Romanist, was bom at Lewes, Sussex, Sept. 29, 1691. His parents were Protestants, but he was led over to Rome by his tutor, Mr. Gother, a Rombh chaplain at Warworth, Northamptonshire. In 1704 he went "to the English college in the University of Douay, where he was ap- pointed professor of poetry, afterwards of rhetoric, in 1718 of philosophy, and in 1718 of divinity. In ITM he became vice-president of his college, and ten yean afterwards was sent on a mission to England. He now commenced a series of controversial works, among which was a reply to Conyers MidcUeton*s LeUerfrvm Rome, In 1741 he was made titular bishop of LcHidon and Salisbury, and vicar apostolic. He was accused of acting against the anti-papal law of William III, but was acquitted. In 1780 he was again in danger ft-om Lord George Gordon's riots. He died in 1781. See Banlrd, Life of Richard Challoner (Lond. 1784, 8vo). Among his writings are, 1. 7^ CathoKc CAfV- tian instructed in the SacramenU, Sacrifices, and Cert- monies of ths Church (against Middleton's Conform^ between Popery and Paganism) :-— 2. Britamda Sancta (Memoirs of British Saints, 1745, 2 vols. 4to) >~8. A Caveat against Methodism, etc.— ^rton, Biog. JHction- ary, s. v. ; AUibone, Dictionary of Authors, i, 861.
Chalmers, Thomas, D.D., LL.D., eminent al&e
CHALMERS
203
CHALONS
as pre&eher, philanthropist, and philosopher, was bom in Anstrnther, in Fifeshire, Scotland, March 17, 1780. He was sent at an early age to the ancient University of St. Andrew's. He devoted himself chiefly to phys- ical science, especially to astronomy, in wtdch he be- came a proficient. In May, 1803, he was appointed minister of Kilmany, in Fifeshire. During hia first years of service there he gave himself more to science than to pastOTal daties, and published his first impor- tant work, the Inquiry into the Extent and Stability of National Xesources, in which two points are especially prominent — an intense dislike of the spirit of trade, and a bnming military ardor. About 1809 he was engaged to write the article on Christianity for the EdifAurgh Encydopeedia. In prosecuting the studies necessary for this article, he began to perceive that there was something in Christianity which he had never yet comprehended. The reflections to which a severe illness gave rise completed his ** conversion," and on his recovery he began to confess publicly his previous blindness, and to preach Christ crucified. In 1815 he was invited by the town council of Glasgow to take charge of the Tron Church and parish in that city. It was here, perhaps, that the highest triumphs of his eloquence were achieved. In 1823 he was trans- ferred to the chair of moral philosophy in the Univer- sity of St. Andrew's. The ethical class-room, which had before presented a beggarly account of empty benches, was soon crowded with classes of enthusiastic students. In 1828 he was appointed to the chair of theology in the College of Edinburgh — the summit of ecclesiastical elevation and influence in the National Establishment. In this post he continued to labor un- til the disruption of the Establishment See Frbb Chubch of Scotland. In May, 1843, the pride and power of the ancient Church — ^four hundred ministers, with Chalmers at their head — departed from her, and organized the first " General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland," over which he presided. " With the stupendous exertions that were then put forth to erect churches, manses, school-houses, and colleges ; to send missions to Jews and heathen, and to set on foot all the machinery of an efficient Church ; with the amazing labors of Chalmers, who travelled over the length and breadth of Scotland, breathing his own burning spirit into every class, while he seemed, like the eagle, to have renewed his youth ; and with the wonderful success that crowned these exertions, we cannot be detained without exceeding our limits. Suf- fice it to say that, in a great measure, by the infusion of his own untiring energy into every class, rank, and age, the stupendous structure of the Free Church went up, like Aladdin's palace, as it were in a single night, and the world stood amazed at the unparalleled spectacle." Chalmers was appointed principal and professor of theology in the Free Church CoUege, in which poet he continued till his death. Busied with his professorship, with the preparation of his Institutes of Theology and his Daihf Scripture Readings^ he yet found time for varied works of benevolence and phi- Unthiopy. On Friday night. May 30, 1847, he retired to his chamber apparently in his ordinary health, and was found dead in his bed next morning.