In analyzing the "intellectual character of Dr. Chalmers we find but two prominent peculiarities. The first b the large development of the perceptive foeolties. It was this peculiarity that directed his mind to natural science, and fitted him to excel in those departments that demanded the exercise of the perceptive powers; that determined his thoughts to the details of economics, poor-laws, statistics, etc. ; that fhmished him with the exuberance of illustration that adorns his discourses, and led him generally to treason by analogy rather than on abstract principles or by metaphysical deductions. The other prominent foct in his intellectual structure was imagination. He did not look at a subject in the cold, dry light of pure
intellection, but in the warm and vivid light of a po- etic fancy. The *body of divinity,' or ethics, which in the hands of other analysts became a skeleton of rattling bones, by his plastic touch was transformed into an image of living, breathing beauty, warm and bright with a glorious life. The abstractions of cold- er an9 more logical minds were to him concrete, em- bodied realities. But when we examine his sermons critically we find much to condemn. There is an ut- ter disregard of all the laws of style and language. The sentences are long, involved^ and tangled. The veriest colloquialisms, tlie most unauthorized idioms, and in some cases even an approach to vulgarisms, ap- pear in his language. Thus, in one of his most mag- nificent efforts, he teUs his hearers that he does not expect by such appeals to break the ' confounded spell' that chained them to the world. The most offensive trait in his style is its endless amplification and repe- tition" (Moore, cited heUno).
We cannot assign Chalmers a high rank as an ex- positor of Scripture. His Lectures on Romans^ and still more fUUy his Posthumous Works^ prove that his excursions into this vast field were but short and nar- row in their range.
The Works of Dr. Chalmers are published in a uni- form edition by T. Constable, Edinburgh (25 vols. 12mo). They are as follows: Natural Theology, 2 vols. ; Christian Evidences, 2 vols. ; Moral Philosophy, 1 vol. ; Commercial Discourses, 1 vol. ; Astronomical Discourses, 1 vol.; Congregational Sermons, 3 vols.; Public Sermons, 1 vol. ; Tracts and Essays, 1 vol. ; Es- says on Christian Authors, 1 vol. ; Christian and Eco- nomic PoUfy, 3 vols. ; Church Establishments, 1 vol. ; Church Extension, 1 vol. ; Political Economy, 2 vols. ; Parochial System, 1 vol. ; Lectures on Romans, 4 vols. Besides these, his Posthumous Works contain, Daify Scripture Readings, 3 vols. ; Sabbath Scripture Read- ings, 2 vols. ; Discourses hitherto unpublished, 1 vol. ; Lectures on Butler, Hill, etc. 1 vol. ; Institutes of Chris- tianity, 1 vol. His Life and Correspondence, by the Rev.W.Hanna, D.D. (4 vols. 12mo), is not equal to the reputation of Dr. Chalmers. An abstract of his Theology, by the Rev. J. M. Manning, is given in the BibUotheca Sacra, xiii, 477 sq. — ^Moore, in the Method- ist Quart. Review, Oct 1849 ; Hanna, Life of Chalmers (New York, Harpers, 1860) ; N. Brit. Review, vii, 299 ; viii, 210; xvii, 110; Princeton Review, xiii, 80.
Chalon. See Hali.
'Chalons, a town in France, on the Saone, on thd site of the ancient CabiUonum. See France.
Several provincial councils were held here during the Middle Ages, of which the most important was that of A.D. 818, ordered by Charlemagne. It pub- lished sixty-six canons, of which the first eleven re- late to bishops, and direct that they shall read the holy Scriptures, the councils, and the pastoral of St. Gregory ; that they shall preach to their people and edify them, establish schools, etc. The twenty-sev- enth forbids the repetition of confirmation. The thir- ty-second declares that spiritual sins must be confess- ed, as well as bodily sins. The thirty-sixth declares that almsgiving avails only to release fh>m venial sins, arising from f^nulty, and reproves thoso who go on in sin, thinking to escape punishment for their much almsgiving. The forty-ninth orders prayers for the dead to be said at every mass, and declares it to be an ancient custom in the Church to commend to the Lord the spirits of those asleep. The fbrty-third declares the ordination of certain priests and deacons conferred by certain Scotch bishops to be null and void, being done without the consent of their diocesans, and with suspicion of simony. The forty-fifth condemns pil- grimages made in order to obtain remission of sins, which, on that pretext, the persons about to make the pilgrimage go on committing more freely; pilgrim^ ages made from proper devotional motives are com;*
CHALUZA
204
CHAMELEON
mendecL The forty-seventh orders all Christians to receive the holy Eucharist on Maanday Tharsday. — LAbbe and Cossart, Condi, t. vii, p. 1270 ; Landon, Manual ofCouncilty s. v.
Chaluza. See Chellus.
Chamber (the translation of various Heb. #ord8). Oriental houses have in general a court in the centre, with cloisters and a gallery, into which the chambers open, the apartments of the women being at the back, and only to be approached by passing through the others. Toward the street is a dead wall, with a porch, over which is a chamber, sometimes used as a lodging for guests, and sometimes as a store-room, it being well suited for either of these purposes, by being con- nect with the rest of the house by a doQr in the gal- lery, and having a separate staircase opening into the porch. This is the ** chamber on the wall" O'^p.Ti;?!??,