spurious documents). Otto 17 also promised to d^ fend the claims of the pope to the kingdom of Sidly. Thus the States of the Church were firmly established, and as, since 1059, the election of the pope had bees independent of the emperor, the high political positka of the popes in the Christian world waa confirmed.
During the following centuries the popes were nen intent upon preserving than upon enlarging their pot. sessions. In 1278, Philip III presented to Gregocj I the county of Yenaissin, and in 1848 Clement YI purchased Avignon from Joanna, queen of Sidly asi countess of Provence. During the residence d tk popes at Avignoq, and during the schism, the popes had to concede extensive privileges to Tarions dtio. Other parts were given as fiefs to Italian princes : thia, in 1448, Alphonso I of Naples was made papal vkar of Benevento and Terradna ; but Nicholas Y (14(7- 1465), Pius II (1468-1464), and Sixtus IV (1471-14^ reconsolidated the papal possessions. Jolins II (15(@ -1612) reconquered from the Venetians aU the places which had formerly belonged to the pope, and ercs added to his territory Parma, PSacenza, and Reggie thus giving to the States of the Church the most ex- tensive ftx>ntier they have ever had. Parma and Pis> cenza were soon lost again, but in their place CameriiiD and Nepi were obtained. Reggio had to be abandoaed in 1628, and Modena in 1527 ; but, on the <Aher hand, a number of republican communities were tvHy sub- jected, as Ancona in 1532, Perugia in 15401, and the foudal relations of others, as Ferraim (1598), Urbbo (1686), and the dnchy of Castro (the dispote conccmifif which lasted until 1785), were abolished. About fitj years later the States of the Church entered into a p»> riod of rapid decline. In 1788 the government of Na- ples declared the feudal relation in which that kingdom had stood to Rome as terminated. In 1792 AvigiHA and Venaissin were annexed to France, and in 179$ another considerable tract of territory waa lost. M the peace of Tolentino, Feb. 19, 1797, Phis VI had to cede all the papal possessions situate in France, and td agree that Uie districts of Ferrara, Bologna, and So- magna should be incorporated with the new Transpa- dan Republic. On the 16th of February the republic was proclaimed in the dty of Rome, the papal goren- ment was declared abolished, and the pope himself was carried into captivity. The treaty of Vienna, in 1815, restored to the pope the Marchea, with CaoMfi- no, iJie duchy of Benevento, with the principality of Ponte-Corvo, the legations of Ravenna, Bologna, aad Ferrara ; and gave to the emperor of Autiriathe ri^ of garrisoning Ferrara and Commacchic- Nothing was said in the treaty of Vienna about the p^ialclaisii to Avignon and Venaissin, on whidi account the pope protested against the portion of the trea^ relating ts the States «f the Church.
Certain acts of Leo XII (1824) created general m- dignation among the inhabitants of the papal territoiy. In February, 1881, an insurrection broke out in Bok*^ na, which soon spread through the whole province, and from there through the larger porticxD of the Statei of the Church. A provisional government was estab- lished, and on the 26th of February an assembly of deputies declared the abolition of the temporal power of the popes. The Intervention of Ausrtia put, bow- ever, an end to the insurrection. The repreeentatiTai of the great powers found the civil administration so unsatis&ctory that they urgently recommended the introduction of reforms. As these were not granted, a new insurrection occurred, which caused another inter- vention of Austria, and the occupation of Bologna hj Austrian troops. This was at once followed by an oc- cupation of Ancona by France, which was unwiUiag to leave the pope under the sole patronage of Anstris. Both occupations lasted until 1838. Gregoiy XVI (1881-1846) convoked an assembly of depnti^ in order to learn the wishes of the people, but it led to no reibnas of any account. The discontent of the people ^
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