led, and showed itmilf in repeated revolntionaiy oat- I ireaks. lias IX (elected June 16, 1846) began to intro- 1 hioe important changes into the public administration mOu propHo of 2d and Itth of October, 1847, fanda- nental statute of l^h of ICarch, 1848, etc), and thns ' ^▼e an impulse to a political movement which he ' ioon found himself unable to eontrol. He had to ' Srant, on the 14th of Ifarch, 1848, a oonstitntional farm of government, which was soon followed by the ippointment of a liberal mimstiy (Hamiani) and the ' convocation of a Constituent Assembly. An attempt to curb the liberal movement hy the appointment of a i conservative ministry (Count Rossi) failed, and the | pope was compelled to consent to the appointment of a democratic ministry. On the 26th of November the pope fled fh>m Rome in disguise, and took up his resi- dence at Gaeta, in the kingdom of Naples. In conse- quence of this movementa provisional government was established at Rome, which declared the temporal power abolished, and proclaimed the republic (Febru- ary, 1849). This led to a new intervention of Austria (after the defeat of Sardinia) in the legations, and to the landing in the Papal States of a French army, under Oudinot, in April, 1849. The city of Rome sur- rendered on the 2d of July, the papal rule was restored, and all the reforms of the first years of the reign of Pins were abolished. The political and financial con- gou of the States of the Church after the restoration of the pope was most deplorable, and the people con- tinned to be dissatisfied with the papal rule. When, in 1859, in consequence of their defeat at Magenta, the Autrians had to withdraw their troops from CentrAl Italy, Bologna and the neighboring legations (the Ro- magna) at once shook off the papal rule, and, together with Parma and Modena, organised them, under the name of Emilia, into a proviskmal state under the dic- tatorship of Faiini After the treaty of Zurich (Nov. 10, 1869), Austria and France proposed the convocation of a congress for the regulation of the Italian affairs, bnt the pope reAised to take part in it, as the great poven did not agree to guarantee to him the restora- tion of the Romagna. Victor Emmanuel consequentiy, bj a decree of the 18th of March, 1860, after a popular vote had declared in favor of annexation, incorporated the Romagna with the kingdom of Italy. The papal government now tried to organize a powerftd army, chiefly of foreign volunteers, under the French general I'UBQdd^re. When, after the conquest of Naples by Garibaldi, a part of the old Neapolitan army had been wuted with the papal troops, the Italian government demanded the discharge <^ the foreign volunteers as in«oadng the unity of Italy, and, when the papal gov- ernment refosed to comply with this request, the king narched troops into the papal territory, defeated the papal troops at Castelfidardo on the Idth of Septem- ber, and captured the remainder at Ancona. Umbria and the Marches now declared at once in fevor of an- oexatkm, and, a popular vote having been taken, were incorporated with Italy by decree of the 17th of De- cember. As, after the fell of Gaeta, Rome became the 'cftige of the expelled king of Naples, and the centre cf ^ plots against Italian unity, the Italian Party of Action londly demanded the conquest of Rome, and in March, 1861, even the Italian Parliament declared the city of Rome the natural and indispensable capital of ^ kingdom. Attempts made by the Italian prime loinister Cavour to prevail upon the pope to consent to * separation between his temporal and ecclesiastical pow Med 1 and the same was the case with a prop- ortion of Louis Napoleon to bring about a recondlia- wQ between the Italian and the Roman governments on the basis of the existing extent of the papal territo- ^' In 1862, Garibaldi made an attempt, at the head cf an army of volunteers, to conquer Rome, and deliver «»ly both from the rule of the pope and that of the ^ch, but this movement itm promptly suppressed by the Italian government. Wa the 15th of Septem-
ber, 1864, Franoe concluded with the government of Italy a convention, by which Franoe promised to with- draw its army of occupation from Rome within two years, while Italy, on the other hand, promised not to attack the papal territory, and even to protect it against any foreign attacks, to assume a proportional part of the papal debt, and not to a|>po6e the organiza- tion of a papal army, provided tiie latter shovdd not threaten the safety of Italy. In accordance with the provisions of this convention, the city of Rome and the papal territory were evacuated by the French troops in December, 1866. The pope has, up to this time, per- sistentiy declined all proposals to abandon his claims to the iffovinces which have been incorporated with the kingdom of Italy, and stiU more to renounce the tem- poral power altogether. See Tbmpobal Power.
II. Ecdemcutical Staii$Hc$. — The Papal SUtes had in 1868 an area of 17,494 square miles, and, according to the census, a population of 8,124,668 souls, amoUg whom were 9287 Israelites and 268 Protestants, whQe the rest were Roman Catholics. They had nine arch- bishoprics, viz., Rome (whose metropolite is thespope jitmaAlf, represented through a cardinal vicar), Bene- vento, Fermo, Ferrara, £ivenna, Urbino, Bologna, Camerino, Spoleto— the last three without 8uffl>agans. The number of bishoprics was seventy-nine, of which, however, many had been permanentiy united, so that the actual number of bishops amounted only to fifty- eight. An the eight archbishoprics and most of the bishoprics Ue in the provinces which in 1869 were an- nexed to Sardinia. The States of the Church, thus reduced, had in 1867 about 700,000 inhabitants. The city of Rome had, in 1866, 210,701 inhabitants, among whom were 4667 Israelites and 429 Protestants. Con- vents are very numerous. There were, in 1846, 1824 convents of monks and 612 of nuns. The secular clergy were estimated at 86,000, monks 10,000, nuns 8000. The ibrmer belong to 60, the latter to 21 differ- ent orders. The total number of clerical persons in the city of Rome was (in 1866) 7878. The superiors of most of the orders reside in Rome. See Mona- 0HI81C As the seat of the central government of the Roman Catholic Church, the States of the Church (more particularly Rome) have a number of ecclesias- tical offices and boards, which are treated of in separate articles. See Pope; CABDnrxL; CoKOBBOATioir; CusiA RoMANA. See Herzog, Real-Eiuyklop, vii, 676 sq.; WetzerundWelte, JS:trcfte»i-L«aafa)»i,vi,176; Su- genheim (Protest.), Ge$ckkkU der Entttekmg tmd Atu- bOdmg det KirchenstacUs (Leipzig, 1864); Scharpff (Roman Catholic), EfOtUhung det ISrekemtaaU (1864 ; transL Baltimore, 1860); DdUinger (Rom. Cath.), Tke Chmrek and Churdte$ (Munich, 1861 ; transL 1868); Brockbaus, Comencaioiu-LeaaiDony viii (11th edition, 1866), 828 sq.