CTMETJARCH
845
CINNAMON
for its Inxmioiis climate, it became a fiiTorite residence of the Greeks after its incorporation into the Mace- donian empire, and its capital. Tarsus (q. ▼.), was ele- vated into the seat of a celebrated school of philoso- phy. The connection between the Jews and Cilicia dates from the time when it became part of the Syrian kingdom (see 1 Mace, xi, 14 ; 2 Mace, iv, 86 ; oomp. Jndith i, 7, 12; ii, 21, 25). Antiochus the Great is said to have introduced 2000 families of the Jews into Asia Minor (Josephus, Ani, xii, 9, 4), many of whom probably settled in Cilicia (Philo, Be legaL ad Camm, 90). In the apostolic age they were still there in con- siderable numbers (Acts vi, 9). Cilidan mercenaries, probably fh)m Trachea, served in the body-guard of Alexander Jannieus (Joseph. Ant, xiii, 18, 6 ; War, i, 4, 3). The synagogue of '* them at Cilicia" (Acts vi, 9) was a place of Jewish worship in Jerusalem, appro- priated to the use of the Jews who might be at Jerusa- lem from the province of Cilicia. See STirAooons. dlicia was, from its geographical position, the high road between Syria and the West, and it was also the native country of Paul ; it was visited by him, first, soon after his conversion (GaL i, 21 ; Acts ix, 80), on which occasion he probably founded the Church there (Neander, Planting and Training^ i, 114; Conybeare and HowBon, 8t, Paul, i, 17-25, 249), and agam in his second apostolical journey, when he entered it on the side of Syria, an^ crossed Anti-Taurus by the Pyls CilicisB into Lycaonia (Acts zv, 41). Christianity continued to flourish here until the 8th century, when the' country fell into the hands of the Saracens, by whom, and by their successors the Turks, the light of true religion has been almost extinguished. Accord- ing to the modem Turkish divisions of Asia Minor, Cilicia Proper belongs to the pashalic of Adana, and Cilicia Trachea to the Liwah of Itchil in the Mousse- limlik of Cyprus (see Penny CydopcBdia, s. v. ; Smithy Diet, of Clou. Geogr, s. v. ; Vict. Langlois, Voyage dans la CiKeie, Par. 1861).— Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v. See Asia Miitob.
Cimeliarch. See Ceimeuascos; Sacristan. Cinnamon C^^lPi hnnamon; Gr. Kwafnitv; a word, according to Herodotus [iii, 111], of Phoenician origin ; according to Gesenius [Thes, Hth, p. 1228], from l^p, to ftand upright) occurs first in Exod. zxx, 23, where it is enumerated as one of the ingredients employed in the preparation of the holy anointing oil : **Take thou also unto thee powerful spices, myrrh, and of sweet cinnamon half as much (i. e. 250 shekels), together with sweet calamus and cassia." It is next mentioned in Prov. vii, 17 : ** I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon,*^ Again, in Cant, iv, 14 : *' Spikenard and safiiron, calamus and ciVmo- mon, with all trees of frankincense ; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices. '* In Rev. xxiii, 18, among the merchandise of Babylon (Rome), we have '* cin- namon, and odors, and ointments, and frankincense. '* Also in Ecdus. zxiv, 15, ** I gave a sweet smell, like emnamon and aspalathus." Cinnamon was problibly an article of commerce in ancient Babylon. The He- brews received this* Indian production through the Midiamtes and Nabatboans, who brought it firom the Arabian Gulf. It seems that the Arabians at an ear- ly period had commercial intercourse with Ceylon and Contmental India, as they were the first navigators of the Indian Ocean (Gen. xxxvii, 25). Many writers have doubted whether the hnnamon of the Hebrews u the same article that we now call cinnamon. Cel- sius quotes R. Ben-Melech (ad Cant, ili, 14) and Saa- dias (Exod. xxx) as considering it the Lign Aloe, or AgaUochan, Others have doubted whether our cin- namon was at all known to the ancients. But the same thing has been said of almost every other drug which is noticed by them. The word uwdfiwuov oc- curs in many of the Greek authors, as Herodotus, Hip- poeratsi, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Galen, etc The
first of these, writing 400 years befttte the Christian nr% describes Arabia as the last inhabited country towards the south, and as the only region of the earth which produces fhmkincense, myrrh, cinnamon, cassia, and ledanum (iii, 107). He states, moreover, tliat the Anu- bians were unacquainted with the particular spot in wliich it was produced, but that some asserted it grew in the region where Bacchus was educated. From all this we can only infer that it was the production of a distant country, probably India, and that it was obtam- ed by the route of the Red Sea. Theophrastus (ix, 6) gives a fuller but still fabulous account of its produc- tion ; and it is not until the time of Dioscorides, Galen, and the Periplus of the Erythnsan Sea, that we get more definite information. Galen says that cassia and cinnamon are so much alike that it is not an easy matter to distinguish the one from the other. Cinna^ mon of the best quality is imported in the present day from Ceylon, and also from the Malabar coast, in con^ sequence of the cinnamon plant (CUmamomwH Zeylani- cum) having been introduce^ there from Ceylon. An inferior kind is also exported from the peninsula of India, the produce of other species of ciimamomum, ac- cording to Dr. Wight. From these countries the cin- namon and cassia of the ancients must most likely have been obtained, though both are also produced in the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, in China, and in Cochin China. Cinnamon is imported in bales and chests, the bundles weighing about 1 lb. each. The pieces consist of compound quills, are about three feet long, slender, and inclose within them several smaller quills. These are thin, smooth, of a brownish color^ of a warm, sweetish, and agreeable taste, and fragrant odor; but several Idnds are known in modem mar- kets, as they were in ancient times. In Ceylon cinna-