lY . Tke Environs of ConstanHmople. — (a) ffooft, above Stamboul, on the Golden Horn, is the most sa- cred spot in Turkey. Eyoub was the standard-beanv of the Prophet, and perished in the first attach m Constantinople by the Saracens (668). His body was miraculously discovered by Mahomet II (1458^ vbe built here the mosque of Eyoub. Then Is also a stone, surrounded by a silver plate, containing an '* impression of the foot of the Prophet,'* whi^ W made in the rock at the building of the Caaba. With- in this mosque is the sirord o/ Otkmcm, which the sal- tans gird on as their inaugural ceremony instead of being crowned. Around the mosque, which Is rkfalr built and decorated, are tombs of many great mea cf state, mingled with trees and shrubbery, and surrosBd- ed by hospitab and an extensive cypress -covered grave-yard. Q!) Galata, on the oppo^te ride of the Golden Horn, was formerly a Genoese dty. It aow contains many important European hooses of bnsiiMse, and one part is filled with the scum of aU Enropean nations, (c) Pera, on the crown of the hiU above Galata, contains the residences of Enropean ambassa- dors and merchants, many fine and lofty resideDceE, and many Christian churches, (c) At Kamsmpada, where vessels of war are built, and at Top-Jkama, where cannon are made, the wor^s rival those of any Eon^ pean power. («) /Scviari, on the Asiatic shore of tbe Bosphorus, is the landing-place of all the commerte to and from Asia, and hence has many and large khasf. As the place, from which Mohammedanism set oat in its conquest of Europe, it is considered by tbe Turks to be sacred ground, and its burial-place is by £ir the largest around Constantinople. Near this burial-place are the famous mosque and barracks of Selim, and the hospital where Florence Nightingale peribnned her deeds of mercy during the Crimean war. (/) The Bosphorus is lined with palaces of the sultan, ctf padi^ merchants, and ambassadors, and with cities utd vil- lages. In one of them, Beb6k, is a college founded by the missionary Dr. Hamlin, and endowed by Ama- ican Christians with $100,000.— Hesy chins, JDe or^m- ibus Constantinopoleos, 1596 (Leipzig, 1820); Yisques- nel. La Turquie (Paris, 4 vols. 8vo) ; Th. Gantler, Cm- stasainople(PaiiB, 1853); Dallaway, Constanlimple,A»' dent and Modem ; Adolphe Joanne et Emile Isambeit, Itiniraire, descript\f, historique, et orchMogiqme is V Orient (Paris, 1867); Hammer, Histoire de Pempkt Ottoman (Paris, 8 vols. 8vo) ; Hammer, Omst€tatimaph undder Bosporus.
CONSTANTINOPLE, Coukcim of. I. Gensnd Synods. — ^The following are regarded as oscumeaieal by tbe Latin or by the Greek Church, or by both: 1.
CONSTANTINOPLE
491
CONSTANTINOPLE
rJk^ Fini (EemmeHieal Cotmeil of CorutaiUinople (or the t«oond in the list of oBcamenical ootmcilB) was con- roked at Ck>ii8tantiiiople in 881 by Theodosins the jvpoat. There were present 150 orthodox bish<^ ^mostly Eastern), and 36 followers of Macedonius, who :e£% Constantinople when their doctrine was rejected by cJie mi^rity. The council condemned, besides the ^fAcedonians, the Arians, Eanomians, and Eadoxians, &n<l confirmed the resolutions of the ConncO of Nice. K^ susif^ed to the bishop of Constantinople the second rank in the Chorch, next to the bishop of Rome, and in. controversies between the two reserved the decision to the emperor. 2. The Second (Ecumenical Covncil of CTonticmiinople (the fifth in the list of oecumenical coun- cils), held in 553 on account of the Three Chapters' controversy, by 165, mostly Oriental, bishops. This cooncil exconuQunicated die defenders of tiie Three Ohaptera, Theodore of Mopsnestia, Ibas, and others, auid the Boman bishop Yigilius, who refhsed to con- domn the Three Ch4q;>ters unconditionally. 8. The Third CEcumemcal Council of ConekuUimople (the sixth in the list of OBCumenical councils), held from 680 to 681 in the TruUan palace, and attended by 289 bish- ops, annrng whom were three Oriental patriarchs, and four legates of the Roman bishop Agathon. The opinions of the Monothelites were condemned, espe- cially through the influence of the Roman legates, as heretical. 4. The General Council convoked in 691 by the emperor Justinian II, and also held in the Triillan palace. As it was regarded as supplementing the fifth and sixth oecumenical councils, which had ^ven no Charch laws, it was called Quinieexta {Syno- dud) or (bamieextmn {Conciliwny, It gave 102 stringent canons on the morals of clergymen imd ecclesiastical discipline. It is recognised as an cscumenical council by the Greeks only. 5. Thejifih (EctmemccU Council, hicAd in 754, and attended by 883 bishops. It passed resolutions against the veneration of images, which were repealed by the second (Ecumenical Council of Nice. It is not recoi^ised by the Latin Church, but only by the Greek. 6. The sixth OScumemiccd Council (by the Church of Rome regarded as the fourth (Ecu- menical Council of Constantinople, or the eighth in the list of oecumenical councils), held in 869. It de- posed patriarch Photius, restored patriarch Ignatius, and gave laws on Church discipline. It is, of course, not recognised by the Greeks. 7. In 879 another Gen- eral Synod was held at Constantmople, attended by 880 bishops, among whom were the legates of pope John VI II. Photius was recalled, the rssolutions of the pre- ceding council against him repealed, and the position of the patriarch of Constantinople to the pope defined. The Greeks number this council as the Eighth (Ecu- menical. 8. The ninth (Ecumenical Council of the Greek Church was held in Constantinople, under the emperor Andronicus the younger, in 1341. It con- demned the opinions of Barlaam as heretical.