II. Particular 3ynods,—The most important of the particular synods are : 1. and 2. In 886 and 889, two Arian synods, under the leadership of Eusebius of Ni- oomedia. The former deposed and excommunicated Marcellus of Ancyra ; the latter deposed and expelled bishop Paulns, of Onstantinople, and appointed Euse- bius his successor. 3. A semi-Arian synod against .£tins, who was banished. 4. In 426, a synod held against the Messalians ; in 448, 449, and 450, synods against the Eutychians. 5. In 495 and 496, Eutychian synods, condemning theb opponents, and recognising the ffenoticon of Zeno. 6. A synod in 516, condemned the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon. 7. In 586, against Severus, Anthimus, and other chiefs of the Aoephali. 8. In 541 (548 ?), against some views of Oiigen. 9. In 815, two synods on the question of ven- eration of images, tiie one, attended by 270 bishops, in fhvor, and the second against the images. 10. In 861, introducing patriarch Photius, and approving the ven- eiafcion of images. 11. In 1170 (according to others in
1168), a synod, attended by many Eastern and West- em bishops, on the reunion of the Eastern and Latin chnrohes. Similar synods were held in 1277, 1280, 1286, all without effect. 12. In 1450, a council con- voked by the emperor Constantine Palsologus de- posed the patriarch Gregory, put in his place the pa- triarch Athanasius, and dedhied to accept the resolu- tions passed by the Council of Fknenoe in favor of the union of the Greek and the Latin churches. 18. In 1688 and 1642, two synods held against the crypto-Cl^al- vinism of the patriarch CyrU. Lucaris. — ^Pierer, Uni- ver$,-Lex, iv, 897 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchei^Lex, ii, 888; Chrittiam Bememb, April, 1854, art. i; Schafi", Hiel. of the Christia* Church, ii, iii ; Landon, Mamtal of Councils; Hefele, ConoU.'Geschichte ; EditJburgh Re- view, July, 1867, p. 49.
CJoMSTAiVTiNOPLB, Patbiabchatb OF. Until the time of Constantine the bishop of Constantinople was subject to the bishop of Heraclea as metropolitan. WbBn Constantinople became the residence of the em- peror, the dignity of the bishop naturally rose. The second oecumenical council, in 881, gave to the bishop of Constantinople a precedence of honor next to the bishop of Rome, on the ground that Constantinople was New Rome. This canon implied no extension of jurisdiction except the exemption of the bishop of (Con- stantinople from the metropolitan jurisdiction of the bishop of Heraclea ; but gradually the bishop of 0>n- stantinople obtained a right of superintendence over the exarchs of the neighboring dioceses. Early in the 5th century an imperial edict placed Eastern Illyricum under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Constantinople, but the Roman bishop Boniface protested against this, as an encroachment on the patriarchal rights of Rome • in Illyricum, and the decree was not carried through. Theodosius II issued a decree that no bishop in Asia and Thrada should be ordained without the consent of the Council of O>nstantinople. The execution of this decree met with much opposition, but the metropolitan jurisdiction over Thracia and Asia was nevertheless gradually confirmed, and it was even extended over Pontus and the patxiarchate of Antioch. In 451 the CouncU of Chalcedon formally sanctioned this right of jurisdiction. Canon 9 authorized bishops and cler- gymen to appeal finom the decisions of the metropoli- tans to either the exarchs or to the see of Constanti- nople. Canon 28 gave to the bishop of (Constantinople equal ecclesiastical prerogatives with the bishop of Rome, stating, however, that the see of Constantinople was the second ; and provided that the bishop of Con- stantinople should have the right to ordain the metro- politans of the three dioceses of Asia, Pontus, and Thracia, and of the bishops of the pagan countries be- longing to those three dioceses. The papal legates protested against the 28th canon, and their protest was ratified by the Roman bishop Leo. The opposition of the Roman bishops against this canon prevented it fhnn being received into the Oriental legislation, al- though the patriarchs of Constantinople never relin- quished any of the rights conceded to them by the Council. During the controversy on the images, Leo Isauricus separated the lUyrian churches fh)m the patriarchate of Rome and united them with that of Constantinople. Entire separation from Rome was carried through by the patriarchs Photius and Michael Csendarins. The extensive diocese of the patriarch of Constantinople, containing, since the 8th century, the whole of Eastern Illyricum and the three dioceses of Asia, Thracia, and Pontus, embraced (since the 10th century) also Russia, for which, however, in the 16th century, a special patriarchate was established at Mos- cow. See Russia. In the 14th century a special Servian patriarchate was established, which, however, was again dissolved in 1765. See Sbbvia. After the establishment of the independence of Greece, the Church of Greece made itself independent of the juris- diction of tiie patriarch of CJonstanthiople in 1888. See
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Gbebob. The Greek bbhops of Anstrim are likewise not subject to the patriarch of Constantinople. See Austria. The jurisdiction of the latter embraces the mediate and immediate provinces of the Turkish em- pire, with the exception of the patriarcliates of An- tioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem, and the archbishop- rics of Cyprus and Oclirida in Rumelia. In 1867 the patriarchate of Constantinople had 185 sees, of which 90 are metropolitical and 4 archiepiscopal.