CrO'Wii, an ornament often mentioned in Scrip* ture, and in such a manner as in most cases to indi- cate the circumstances under which and the persons by whom it was wom ; for crowns were less exclu- sively worn by sovereigns than among modem na- tions. Perhaps it would be better to say that the term " crowns" was applied to other omaments for the head than those exclusively worn by royal person- ages, and to which modem usage would give such dis- tinctive names as coronet, band, mitre, tiara, garland, etc. This omament, which is both ancient and uni- versal, probably originated trom the fillets used to pre- vent the hair from being dishevelled by the wind. Such fillets are still common, and they may be seen on the sculptures of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Egypt ; they gradually developed into turbans (Josephus, Ant, iii, 7, 7), which, by the addition of ornamental or pre- cious materials, assumed the dignity of mitres or crowns. The use of them as omaments was probably suggested by the natural custom of encircling the head with flowers in token of joy and triumph (" Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds," Wisd. ii,8; 8 Mace, vii, 16 ; Jud. xv, 18, and the classical writers, /KiMtm). See Wreath. The first crown was said to have been woven for Pandora by the Graces (comp. ori^avoQ Xapirutv, Prov. iv, 9). According to Pherecydes, Sat- urn was the first to wear a crown ; Diodoras says that Jupiter was first crowned by the gods after the con- quest of the Titans. Pliny, Harpocration, etc., as- cribe its earliest use to Bacchus, who gave to Ariadne a crown of gold and Indian gems, and assumed the laurel after his conquest of India. Leo ^gyptius at- tributes the invention to Isis, whose wreath was cereal. These and other legends are collected by TertuUian trom the elaborate treatise on crowns by Claud. Sat- urninus. Another tradition says that Nimrod was the first to wear a crown, the shape of which was suggest- ed to him by a cloud (Eutychius Alexandr. Ann, i, p. 68). TertullUn, fai his tract De Cor. MUiHs (c. vii sq.), argues against them as unnatural and idolatrous. He is, however, singularly unsuccessful in trying to disprove the countenance given to them in Scripture,
CROWN
584
CROWN
where they
XBT.
are ooiiBtantly mentioiied. See Bov-
Andent AjdaUc Crowns.
L Tift. B. Simple fiUH; % with shoolder-pleoe ; 4» with band and ribbon ; 10, with throat-latch and edging.
n. 18. Simple eap; 9, with pendant; 18, with cnst and rib- bon ; 8, with boBMS and shonlder-plece.
III. 6. Simple erown proper; 7, with aerrated edge; 8, and ribbon ; 1, or cape; 11, with both.
1. The word *nt9, neater (lit. eonseeratum ; hence con" Mcraied htdr, as of a Nazarite, and then generally hng h(tir)y IB sapposed to denote a diadem (Greek iidSrffiay Rev. xii, 8; xiii, 1 ; xix, 12). It la applied to the hi- scribed plate of gold in flront of the high-priest's mitre, which was tied behind by a ribbon (Exod. xxix, 6 ; xxxix, 80), and which was doubtless something of the same kind that we see in figs. 8, 11. This word is also employed to denote the diadem which Saul wore in battle, and which was brought to David (2 Sam. i, 10), and also that which was used at the coronation of the young Joash (2 Kings xi, 12) ; and, as another word is applied elsewhere to the crown used in this ceremoni- al, the probability is that the Hebrew kings wore some- times a diadem and sometimes a crown, and that the diadem only was accessible to the high-priest, by whom Joash was crowned, the crown itself being meet likely in the possession of Athaliah. Both the ordinary priests and the high-priest wore head-dresses of this ornamental description. The common mitre (n^a^l^, Sept KiSapiCf Exod. zxriii, 87 ; xxix, 6, etc. ; Jose- phus, ratvia ; Hesych. crpS^v 5 oi upiig ^powri) was a flat cap (n-iXoc OKiovog^ forming a sort of linen tasnia or crown (ere^dvii), Josephus, Ani, iii, 7. The ceremonial mitre (nB3S^, Sept. ^wmlvn rtapa) of the high-priest (used also of a reg^ crown, Ezek. xxi, 26) was much more splendid (Exod. xxviii, 86 ; Ley. vili, 9 ; "an ornament of honor, a costly work, the desire of the eyes," Ecclns. xlv, 12 ; " the hofy crown," Lev. viii, 9, so called from the Tetragrammaton inscribed on it, Sopranes, De re Vett, Jttd.^ p. 441). It had a sec- ond fillet of blue lace (ii vaxivOov wcflrouccX/iivo^ , the color being chosen as a type of heaven), and over it a golden diadem (*lt3, Exod. xxix, 6), "on which blos- somed a golden calyx, like the flower of the vocicva- ^f ," or hyoscyamus (Josephus, Ant, iii, 6). The gold band (y^:ty Sept. mrdkov; Origen, iXatrniptov) was tied behind with blue lace (embroidered with flowers), and being two fingers broad, bore the inscription (not in bas-relief^ as Abarbanel says) "Holiness to the Lord." (Comp. Rev. xvii, 5; Braunius, De Vest, <9a- cerd. ii, 22 ; Maimon. De Apparatu Templi, ix, 1 ; Re- land, AtUiq. ii, 10 ; Carpzov, Appar, CrU. p. 86 ; Jose- phus, War, V, 6, 7 ; Philo, De VU, Motie, iii, 619.) Some suppose that Josephus is describing a later crown given