by Alexander the Great to Jaddoa (Jennings*! Jtwii Ant, p. 168). The use of the crown by priesta and i religions services was universal, and perhaps the badf belonged at first " rather to the pomiiJuxbUa thaa tk« regalia,'' Thus Q. Fabius Fictor bajb thai the ' crown was used by Janus idbea aocri^ScM^. "Asti head-dress and queue," or "a short wi^ on wUd^ band was fastened, ornamented with an asp, the svm bol of royalty," was used by the kings of Egypt a »j ligious ceremonies (Wilkinson's Anc ^^99P^ ^ ^i fig. 18). The crown worn by the kings ci Asrvtai was " a high mitre . . . f^uenUy adorned with Ask-i ers, etc., and arranged in bands of linen or aflk. Ot^ inally there was only one band, but afterwards thott were two, and the ornaments were richer*' (Layarli. 820, and the illustrations in Jahn, Arch, Germ. ed.,|L i, voL ii, tab. ix, 4 and 8). See Mitse.
Andent Aaiyrian Crowns. FIg.l, Early Kings; 2, Later.
The royal crown originated in tiie diadem, wh^ was a simple JUUi fastened round the head, and tied behind. This obviously took its rise among a people who wore long hair, and used a band to prevent it from Calling over the face. The idea occurred of dis- tinguishing kings by a fillet of different color from that usually worn ; and being thus estabUshed as a regal distinction, it continued to be used aa such rrea among nations who did not wear the hair long, or wb employed to confine the head-dress. We sometimes see this diadem as a simple fillet, about two inches broad, fastened round the otiierwise bare head; we then find it as a band of gold (first cot, above, figs. i. 6). In this shape it sometimes forms the basis fi raised ornamental work (figs. 6, 7, 8, 10), in which case it becomes what we ^uld consider a crown; and, indeed, the original diadem may be traced in most ancient crowns, fig. 10 is curious, not only from the simplicity of its form, but on account of the metallae loop to be passed under the chin— ^ mode ef secmiag the crown probably adopted ii^ war or in the diase. Then we find the diadem surrounding the head-dress
Other Ancient CnnroB.
Fig. 1, Of Nineveh ; % Sardanapalus Til ; 8, Semiaeberib; 4,
Tigranes; 6, Boman Uric ; 6, FsnepolitBa.
CROWN
686
CROWN
t eap (figs. 8, 9, 18), and when this also is <Mrnament- 1, the diadem may be considered as haying become a town. See Diadem.
2. The moie general word for a crown is n'HDS', cUa- ak'^ (a circlet, Gr. m^avog) ; and it is applied to rowns and head ornaments of diflferent sorts, inclad- ]g those used by the kings. When applied to then: rowns, it appears to denote the state crown as distin- :aished Arom the diadem. Snch was probably the rown, which, with its precioos stones, weighed (or ather ''was worth'^ a talent, taken by David from he king of Ammon at Rabbah, and used as the state rown of Jadah (2 Sam. xii, 80). Some groandlessly oppose that, being too heavy to wear, it was tutpend- d orer his head. The royal crown was sometimes mried with the king (Schickard, Jus Beg, vi, 19, p. •21). Idolatrons nations also "made crowns for the lead of their gods'' (£p. Jer. 9). The Rabbins allege hat the Hebrew state-crown was of gold, set with jewels. Of its shape it is impossible to form any no- ion, unless by reference to the examples of ancient Towns contained in the preceding cut. These fig- ires, however, being taken mostly from coins, are not )f that very remote antiquity which we would desire to illustrate matters pertaining to the period of the Bebrew monarchies. In Egypt and Persia there are icnlptures of earlier date, representing royal crowns in the shape of a distinguishing tiara, cap, or helmet, Df metal, and of cloth, or partly cloth and partly metal.
Ancient Egyptian Crowns.
Fig. 1, Lower i^ypt ; 2, Upper Egypt ; 4, both Ungdoms
united ; 8, Kc^al Fillet
The diadem of two or three fillets (figs. 4, 6, first cut, above) may have been similarly significant of dominion over two or three countries. In Rev. xii, 8 ; xiii, 1 ; xix, 12, allusion is made to **inaiiy crowns** (SiaStifjtaTa) worn in token of extended dominion. Thus the kings of Egypt used to be crowned with the '* pshent," or wnt' td crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt (Wilkinson, Anc, £937^. iii, 851 sq. ; oomp. Layard, ii, 820) ; and Ptole- ny Philometor wore two diadems, one for Europe and one for Asia. This would, in fkct, form three crowns, as his previous one was doubtless the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt Similarly the three crowns of the papal tiara mark various accessions of power: the first corona was added to the mitre by Al- exander III in 1159 ; the second by Bonifisce VIII inl303; and the third by Urban V in 1362. These Egyptian tiaras were worn in war and on occasions of state, but on ordinary occasions a fillet or diadem was used. It is important to observe that the mUre of the high-priest, which is also called a crown (Exod. xxxix, 80), was of similar construction, if not shape, with the addition of the golden fillet or diadem.