Of the other works of Dante, his Latin work, De Monarckia, written in the interest of the emperor against the temporal power claimed by pope Boniface YIII over all secular rulers, is the most important Dante takes the ground that both powers, like two swords, have been directly ordained by God to support each other. This book became a powerful weapon in the hands of the opponents of the papacy. Pope John XXII forbade it, and ordered it to be burned. The Rime Mure, containing the seven penitential psalms and the Credo in terze rime, were for the first time published in 1752, and their genuineness is still doubt- ed by some.
The religious and ecclesiastical views of Dante have been for centuries, and still are, the subject of an ani- mated controversy. Matthias Fladus placed him in his Catalogus tetiium veriiatie evangeHca (1556), and since then Protestant writers generally have claimed him as a forerunner of the Reformation, or, at least, as an ardent opponent of many of the worst corrup- tions prevalent in the Papal Church during the Middle Ages. The Jesuit Harduin, in order to save Dante from the charge of heresy, ascribed the Divina Corn- media to a disciple of Wickliffe ; but most of the Bo- man Catholic writers (m particular the Frenchmen Ozanam and Artaud de Montor) maintain that Dan- te, in spite of his opposition to some abuses in the Church, was, in point of doctrine, a fiiithful adherent of the Church of Home. See Banmgarten-Crusius, De Doctrina Dantis AligerU Iheohgica (1886) ; Aroux, Dante hhritique, revohoionnaire et socialiste (Par. 1854); Boissard, Dante rholutionnaire et eodaUste, mais nan kirkique (Paris, }854).
The literature on the life and the works of Dante is immense. The first who wrote a critical life was Pelli (1758), after whom the Italians Dionisi, Orelli, and Misserini wrote valuable works. Among the numer- ous works of Germany on the subject we mention Abe- ken, Beitr&ge fur da$ Studium der ydttHcken Komddie Dante's (Berlin, 1826) ; Schlosser, Dante-Studien (Lpz. 1855)i Buth,5to(iifli«5er/>aMte(Tttb.l858); Wegele,
DANZ
674
DAPHNE
D<xnWt Ldten und Werhe (Jena, 1852); Floto, DcmU AUghkri; $em Leben vnd seine Werhe (Stutt. 1858); Paur, Udier die Quellen tor LebenMgeaekichte DanWt (Gdrlito, 1862). The best among recent Italian works is Balbo's Vita di DatUe (2 vols. Turin, 1839). A list of all editions, translations, and oommenlaries on the Divina Commedia is given in Colomb de Batine*8 £i5- ifu>^rq/2ai>(Bi/efca (2 vols. Prato, 1845-1848). The best illustrations of the chief works of Dante are from Flax- man (A UcmU DatUetco, Milan, 1822), Genelli, and Dord. In 1865, fh)m the 14th to the 16th of May, the sixth centenary of the birth of Dante was celebrated at Flor- ence with immense enthusiasm, and his statue (by En- rico Pazzi in Ravenna) erected at the Piassa della Croce. See Brockhaus, CkmoertaHoiu - Lexicon, and Chambers (chiefly a condensed translation of Brock- hansX s. v. ; Herzog, ReaUEneyldop. ili, 286.
Dans, Johann Andreas, a Lutheran theologian and distinguished Hebrew scholar, was bom in 1654 at Sundhausen, near Gotha. He became professor at the University of Jena, first in the philosophical, and subsequently (1713) in the theological feculty, re- maining, however, at the same time professor of the Oriental languages. He was the founder of a new school of Oriental philologists, and had the reputation of being the greatest Hebrew scholar of the age. He was intimate with Spener and Francke, but yet his pri- vate life was not beyond reproach. He died Dec. 22, 1727. The most important of his works are Compen- dium grammaticcB Ae5r. and ekald, (8d edition, 1706) ; Eabbimamua enucletUus (Frankf. 1761) ; LUenOor Ebrceo- Chaldcau (Jena, 1696 ; the first edit, had been publish- ed under the title Nw^rangxbuban [nut-cracker], Jena, 1686).— Herzog, BecU-Encyklop. xix, 388 ; Pierer, Unh.- Lex. iv, 786. •
Danz, Johann Traugott Lebereoht, a Prot- estant theologian of Germany, was bom May 81, 1769, at Weimar. He studied at the universities of Jena and Gdttingen, became in 1807 professor of the- ology at Jena, which position he retained until 1887, and died at Jena May 16, 1851. He was a man of immense learning in all departments of literature, an interesting writer on a number of subjects, and a pop- ular professor. In his theological views he was a rep- resentative of the school of Biblical Rationalists, advo- cating the mutual toleration of Rationalists and Supra- naturalists in the same church, and opposing the views both of Schleiermacher and Strauss. Among his theo- logical works the following are the most important: L^rbuch der KirchengeechidUe (Jena, 1824); Die Wie- seruchaften dee geistlichen Beruft (Jena, 1824); T%eolog. Encyclopadia (Weimar, 1832); Umvenal-WSrierbuch der iheotog. vnd reUgiontgeschieha. LitercOur (Leipdc, 1887, sq.) ; Tnitia Doctrinm Patritticm (Jena, 1889) ; Ge- schichie dee TVidentiner ConciU (Jena, 1846), according to Paul Sarpi. His edition of the Libri Sgniolid ec- cUsicB Romano^cUhoUocB (Yimar. 1885) was dedicated to Gregorio XVI, PonHfci Maximo, ecdetim Romano- CatholiccB prandi, with some good Protestant advice. He also published a biography of his deceased (1835) friend and colleague, H. A. Schott (Jena,*1836), and edited a posthumous work of the latter on the authen- ticity of the Gospel according to Matthew (Leips. 1887). One of his last works was *• Two Conversa- tions" on the Life of Jesus by Strauss (ZtDei GetpriUhe, 1839).— Herzog, HeaUEncyldop, xix, 389 sq.
Daph'nd (^^cufnni, the laurel f so called from the verdure of the place, or because this tree was sacred to Apollo), the name of several localiCies mentioned in later writers.