isidorisdienDeefeiaIen,llf&d€Aherg,lB4Sf)^ak^
pilers used many more sources iJiaa nre mm kii
and that most of the papal letters whick sr wtm
erally considered as spurious were probably tabs
other collections, has not met with modi aj^tonL
As this collection was osed by the popes wiA
eflfoet to amplify their powsr <yrer tfas lasbsfs, i
long a common opini(Mi that the oompilen simed c
at confirming and enlarging the p*pal power : te'
opinion is now universally abandoned. Otfacf% ■
dally modem Roman Catholic writers, as M6hla.V|
tcr, and Hefele, attribute to the fidaifier the ^y*tef
an end to the conftision and servitude of thedoRki
the nnoertainty of law in his times, by uiIkwIih^j
uniform code of eodesiastical discipline, dotkei H
the prestige of antiquity." The most conm» q
ion at present is that the compner wished to fm
episcopal power ftom dependence on the stste, Bit
weaken, fbr the same purpose, the inilaeoce of Aeil
tropolitans and provincial synods. TVith ngaii to*
time of the compilation, it has been estabHsked vi
certainty that it falls between 829 and 867. Tke 4
thor is not yet known. Benedict Levita, Otgac, c4
bishop of Mains, and others, have been assiuued. Hi
place where it was compiled was nuiat prohstiT 4
western part of the Prankish empire. The first a
tion of the collection is made in the prooeedii^ tf
Synod of Chiersy, in 867 ; and a few years later pdj
Nicholas I used it efficiently in his couUvveisj «i
Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims. Alter the sati c/ ~
9th century numerous extracts were made, sal d
were received into all the large coUectkxns of csa
[see Cakoks] made during the Middle A^es. As m
gards the mfiuence of the false decretals, it has bt«
overrated by tiiose who believe ihnX the ptiaaer 4
the Roman popes is nutinfy due to tips vast fraad; e^
on the other hand, it is underrated by die Bstf
Catholic writers, who maintain that the psende-dicff-
tals produced no change in the discipline of the QmA
and were only an expressfen of die tendescaee of ^c«
times, which, without them, wonld have beea drrci^
in the same manner. The troth, as has been sbmij
intimated, probably is, that the psendo-decnCab va
compiled for the purpose of ftnihering episce^ to*
dendes, in opposition to the rights of roetro^flita*
and provincial synods, but that they also gnt£j o*-
tributed to the development of the Roman primacv,"^
were unscrupulously used by the popes fbr dsis popff-
There are two editions of die false decretals, #
first in the Collection of ConncOs by MerUn (laa. i
Paris, 1528), and the second in Migne's I^atrohgia IM.
torn, cxzx (Paris), which is only a reptiat sf ^
fbrmer. See Ballerini (Opp, Leotu torn, fii, p. ocxr,
88.) ; Theiner, De psendoisidoriana nfiafiiisfi uJiriiiw
(Bresl. 1816) ; Wasserschleben, BeOrage sar GeadAitt
der falsehm Decretalen (Breslan, 1844); UaUv, m
imd Ober Pseudoisidor Qn his Gesamuss^e Sd^^
Regensb. 1888, vol. f) ; GfirOrer, Pseudoisidor (jta F^
buffer Zeitschrijt Jvr Theot/ogie, vol. xyfi) ; Wea-
s&cker, Hincmar und Psettdoisidor (in Zmtsirift fe
theologische Uteratmr, 1858); and the Maamab tfh-
desiastical Law by Richter, Walter, Rosshirt, Pl^i,
and others.
* DeonrlOnea, magistrates in the Roman proriawa who formed a body to represent the Roman Seaste is f^ and corporate towns. Bach deearsoa iiinsiitiiiof ten persons ; and tiieir duty was to watch over tke is- terests of their fsllow-citisens, and to increase tfat rv- enues of the commonwealth. Ihe early Chaidi «h compelled to make laws to prevent the onthistiBS «f any man of this class as a presbyter or deseee. in- stances had occurred in which presbytop bad tea compelled, after thirty years* service as wrinirtw d Chrfot, to resume their carta/ offices. In some csm after ordination, they were required to serve as/mM and were crowned as heathen priests, while tfatr «s> hibited the public games and shows to tbs psefk.
DEDAN
125
DEDICATE
) la-vr fbrbidding the ordination of snch persons was icted to prevent this scandaL — Bingham, Orig, EccL iv, du iv,§4.
De^dan (Heb. Ikdan\ yx:\^ according to Gesenios, B». ffeb, p. 822, from the Arab, signifying ^pori; ac- dlns to Fttrst, Hdr, Hamdw. p. 288, by reduplication m y^y in the sense of deep; in Ezelc zxr, 13, with local or paragogic, Deda'neh^ *^57?i " *^®y °' ^^ i"), the name of one or two men or tribal progenl- -8. See also Dodakim.
L. (Sept. Aahdv, Aaiidv,') A son of Baamah, son of LBb (Gen. z, 7; 1 Chron. i,9, *'the sons of Baamah, eba, and Dedan'*). B.C. considerably post 2518. e CnsB. His descendants are perhaps mentioned Isaiah (xxi, 18) and Ezeldel (xxvii, 16, Sept 'Po- ut' V. r. 'AgaUiov ; 20, Sept. AaiSdv v. r. Ac^av ; Lxviii, 13, Sept. Aoi^oy; xxv, 18, Sept. Ac^ov or ui^ay V. r. ^unKOfuvoi). See below. 2. (Sept. Acuiavy ▼. r. in Jer. xlix, 8, Aatidfi,) A a of Jokahan (1 Chron. i, 82), son of Keturah (Gen. cv, 8 : '* Jokshan begat Sheba and Dedan ; and the OS of Dedan were Asshurim, Letoshim, and Leom- im"). B.C. post 1988. The nsnal opinion respect- g this and the preceding founder of tribes is that the rst settled among the sons of Cnsh, probably on the >rder8 of the Persian Gnlf ; the second on the Syrian JTders, aboot the territory of Edom (Michaelis, Spi- leg, if 201 sq.). Bnt Yater (Comment, i, 120, followed y Gresenius, Thee. Heb. p. 822) has soggested that the ame may apply to one tribe, and this may be adopt- i as probable on the supposition that the descendants f the Keturahite Dedan intermarried with those of the 'n&faite Dedan. See Arabia. The theoiy of this aixed descent gains weight from the fact that in each ase the brother of Dedan is named Sheba. It may « snpposed that the Dedanites were among the chief raders traversing the caravan-route from the head of he Persian Gulf to the south of Palestine, bearing uerchandise of India, and possibly of Southern Are- na, and hence the mixture of such a tribe with anoth- er of different (and Keturahite) descent presents no mposaibility. The passages in the Bible in which Dodan is mentbned (besides the genealogies above re- ferred to) are contained in the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, and are in every case obscure, rhe Edomitish settlers seem to be referred to in Jer. sliz, 8, where Dedan is mentioned in the prophecy against Edom ; agun in xxv, 28, with Tema and Buz ; in Ezek. xxv, 18, with Teman, in the prophecy against Edom ; and in Isa. xxi, 18 (" The burden upon Arabia. In the forest in Arabia shall ye lodge, O ye travelling companies of Dedanim' '), with Tema and Kedar. This last passage is by some understood to refer to cara- vans of the Cushite Dedan ; and although it may only signify the wandering propensities of a n^mad tribe, such as the Edomitish portion of Dedan may have been, tbe supposition that it means merchant-caravans is strengthened by the remarkable words of Ezekiel in the lamentation for Tyre. This chapter (xxvii) twice mentions Dedan ; first in ver. 15, where, after enu- merating among the traffickers with the merohant-dty many Asiatic peoples, it is said, *' The children of De- dan were thy merchants, many isles (0*^?^) were the merchandise of thine hand : they brought thee for a present horns of ivory, and ebony." Passing thence to Syria and western and northern peoples, the proph- et again (in ver. 20) mentions Dedan in a manner which seems to point to the wide spread and possibly the mixed anoe^ of this tribe. Ver. 16 may be pre- sumed to allude especially to the OuskUe Dedan (comp. ch. xxxviii, 18, where we find Dedan with Sheba and the merchants of Tarshish ; apparently, firom the con- text, the Dedan of chap, xxvii, 16); but the passage commencfaig in v. 20 appears to include the seUlers on thebordw of Edom (i. e. the Keturahite Dedan). The