There are four other dedications of the Tea|4e iv> corded:
1. The dedication of the Solomonic Temple (I Gsg* viii, 2 ; 2 Chron. v, 8), which took pUice hi the serc^ month, or in the autumn. B.C. 10<Kk Tliis wai eoa- cident with the Feast of Tabemacks (q. v.).
2. The dedication at tiie time of Hesekiah, wbeat^ Temple was purified from tbe abominations wfaiek \a fether Ahaz introduoed into it (2 Chnm. xzix> KC 726. See Hbzbkiah.
8. The dedication of Zenihbahel*8 Temple, boika^ ter the captivity (Ezra vi, 16), whk^ took plaosii^ month Adar, in the spring. B.C. 617.
4. The dedication of Herod's Temple (Joesphi, in zv, 11, 6). B.C. 22. Some of the IkOieis hsve tha«- fore thought that Jesus is said to liave gone to theeil> ehration commemorative of the dedicatioii of Sobaoa'i Temple or of Zerabbabers. The Ikct, honevtf, t^ there was mo ammalfeslmU to commtmanste Aest M- catUms, and that the evangelist Jolm distiactiy mn that it was Ml IA« lOMfer, establishee it beyond doik that our Lord went to the Feast of tlie DedicatisB ■- stituted by Judas Ifaocabsus. See Tbmpul
Literature* — Maimonides, J/ttAna TbroA, or TaiB9- Chazaeas Bilchoth IfegiUa Fe-ChmMkak, sec 8 aadi;
X>EDICATIO]Sr OF CHURCHES 727
DEFENCE
riOfxik AnHotkn^ printed in Bartolocci, BibUoiheca ^na, ly 882, etc ; Midrash, Le-Chanukahy and Mid- 1, ^char U-Ckanakah^ published by Dr. Adolpb Jel- kL in Beik ka-Midrash (Leipdg, 1868), i, 182, etc. 8 ^v^luine also contains ^.1^ etc.)<a reprint of jiUcOk AiUioehmi. See also the volnmes quoted in i ajrtlcle, and in Fabridus, BibUog. Aniignctr. p. 419 Ukewise Otho, Lex, RtA. p. 288 sq. ; Lightfoot I l^etstein, in loc. Job. ; Wftbner, De feMo Enamd- m (Helmst 1715) ; Weber, De EmstBmis (Lipe. 1688); :&iiei, De jwre area EnocBnia (Erf. 1718) ; and the itiseB De Enoaame temphruwty by Dannenbeiger pe. 1754), Lincke (Altdorf, 1678), Lund (Upsal. 6>, Reich (Altdorf; 1713). See FKanvALS.
Declioatioxi of drarohes. See Consecbatiok. De DieiL See Dibu, db. De Dominis. See Dominib, db. Deep (the representative in the A. Y. of sereral I'b. words, especially Dinpl, tekom'^ €^n. i, 2, etc. an fsSy often rendered " depth ;** dffvtftrog^ Luke viii, ; Rom. X, 7, elsewhere ** bottomless pit**). The dp, or the great deep, in its literal sense, signifies, iefly in Scripture— 1. Hell, the place of punishment, » bottomless pit (Luke viii, 81; Rev. ix, 1; xi, 7). The common receptacle of the dead ; the grave, the ep or depths of the earth, under which the body is posited : the state of the soul corresponding there- , still more unseen, still deeper, still ftirther dis- nt from human inspection, is tliat remote country, at * ' bourne from whence no traveller returns*' (Bom. T). 8. The deepest parts of the sea (Psa. Ixix, 15 ; rli, 26). 4. The chaos, which. In the beginning of le world, was unformed and vacant (Gen. i, 2). See
BTS8.
I>eer. Although this word occurs in the English ible only in the connection " fallow dbbr" (q. v.), . properly represents several terms in the original, hich are variously translated, and which denote wide- r different members of the antelope and cervic tkm- les. See Chamois ; Goat ; Ox ; Ptoaro ; Roe, etc. 'or the proper deer we find the following variations f the same word : oj/yat (^""K, an intensive of ^^M, [. d. a large ram; Sept. Ao^cX the male, always endered " hart'* (q. v.), occuib Deut. xU, 16, 22 ; xiv, .; XV, 22; 1 Kings iv, 28; Psa. xlii, 1; Cant, ii, 9, .7 ; viii, 14; Isa.xxxv, 6; Lam. i, 6: ayyalahf (nb^K, Ten. xUx, 21 ; 2 Sam. xxii, 84 ; Job xxxix, 1 ; Psa. Kviii, 33; xxix, 9; Cant. 11, 7; iii, 6; Hab. iii, 19), w atfye^hth (nbjH, Prov. v. 19; Jer. xiv, 6), the fe- male, always rendered "hind'* in our version (Sept. TreXcx^c)* Many recent writers, however, either sup- pose different species of antelope to be meant, or, with Dr. Shaw, consider the term to be generic for several species of deer taken together. Sir J. G. Wilkinson believes the a^al to be tibe Ethiopian oryx^ with near- ly straight horns. See Avtblopb. It should be ob- served, however, that an Ethiopian species could, not well be meant whore the clean animals fit fbr the food of the Hebrews are indicated, nor where allusion is made to Buffiertng fixmi thirst, and to high and rocky places as the reftage of females, or of both, since aU the species of oryx inhabit the open plains, and are not remarkable for their desire of drinking ; nor can either of these propensities be properly ascribed to the true antdopes, or gazelle, of Arabia and Syria, all be- ing residents of the plain and the desert; like the or- yges, often leen at immense distances froioti water, and unwilling to venture into forests, where their velocity of flight and delicaey of structure impede and destroy them. Taking the older interpretation, and review- ing all the texts where hart and hind are mentioned, we find none where these objections truly apply. An- imals ef the stag kind prefer the security of forests, sie always most robust in rocky mountain covers, and
seek water with considerable anxiety ; for of all the light-footed ruminants, they alone protrude the tongue when hard pressed in the chase. Now, comparing these qualities with several texts, we find them per- fectly appropriate to the species of these genera alone. Ayy^ appears to be a mutation of a common name with Aa0oc ; and although no gfeat stress should be laid on names which, more particularly in early times, were used without much attention to specific identity, yet we find the Chaldee qjcd and Sarroatic je2en strict- ly applied to stag. Hence the difficulty lay in the modem denial that ruminants with branched decidu- ous horns existed in the south-west of Asia and Egypt ; and Cuvier for some time doubted, notwithstanding Virgil's notice, whether they were found in any part of Africa; nevertheless, though not abundant where water is rare, their existence from Morocco to the NOe, and beyond it, cannot be denied ; and it is likely that an Asiatic species still appears sometimes in Syria, and, no doubt, was formerly common there (see the Petmy C^fckpoedtOf s. v. Deer).