practice of dipping bread in the broth, or Biifatl' of the animal, strongly illostrates the refereiat&t sop in John xiii, 26 sq. The modem EgrptisiB kkI their bread with a sauce composed of vaxia«i rz;. lants, such as salt, mint, sesame, and rhifkptM ila i, 180). (The later Jews named this a [Mishna, Pesadi, ii, 8] : it consisted of monds, and spice, thickened writh flour. It v» at the celebration of the Passover \PetadL, x, 3].) Ti Syrians, on the other hand, use a mixture of and salt for the same purpose (Russell, i, 93). the above-mentioned scceseories were waxitBf.tn vegetables, fish, or honey was used. In short, ii be said that all the articles of food which we ir ih to mention were mainly viewed as subordlnatef tod staple commodity of bread. The Taiiooi kkii; 4 bread and cakes are described under the \aki Bread; Cake; CaACKinEL.
Milk and its preparations bold a conspicaos pl4 in Eastern diet as affording substantial noondmat sometimes it was produced in a fresh state (2^ Gi xviii, 8), but more generallj fai the fimn of the ^ em lAan, i. e. sour milk (HKrn, A. V. " better,' &l xviii, 8 ; Judg. v, 25 ; 2 Sam! xvii, 29). The Istid universally used by the Bedouins, not only u tw ordinary beverage (Burckhardt, Notes, i, 240). l^z^ ed with flour, meat, and even salad (Burckhardt L ^. 63 ; Russell, Aleppo, i, 118). It is constantly efR*i to travellers, and in some parts of Aralna it is d»9i scandalous to take any money in return for it (B^rk- hardt, Arabia, i, 120). For a certain season d ^ yeta Uhan makes up a great part of the food d dr poor in Syria (Russell, /. c). Butter (Prov. xxx. R and various forms of coagulated milk, of the c£o*k ency of the modem hamak (Job x, 10 ; I Sas. ni 18 ; 2 Sam. xvii, 29), were aJso useid. See ^rm Cheese; Milk.
Fruit (q. v.) was another source i3it subaisteocc: ip stand first in point of importance ; the eariy sefts^ scribed as the ** summer fruit" (V^^, Amoa vifi-Lf. and the "first ripe fruit" (rrn^Sa, Hoe. ix, 10; Mk-ti 1), were esteemed a great luxury, and were eda ■ fresh fruit ; but they were generally dried and pRM. into cakes, similar to the date-cakes of the AisUa (Burekhardt, Arabia, i, 57), in which form ther vn termed ci?^ (TrakdQoi, A.V. " cakes of figs,*' 1 Sia xxv, 18 ; XXX, 12 ; 1 Chron. xil, 40), and occaaoi^ ^^JD simply (2 Sam. xvi, 1; A. V. ''smniDer frKrl- Grapes were generally eaten in a dried state as rmat (D'^pa^, Vulg. Ugatura uva passte^ 1 Sam. xxv, 1*: XXX, 12 ; 2 Sam. xvi, 1 ; 1 Chron. xii, 40), ImA kw times, as before, pressed mto cakes, named t tCTX [i Sam. vi, 19; 1 Chron. xvi, 8; Cant, ii, 6; Ho«.ii,IX understood by the Sept as a sort of cake, Xdjarr dirb niyavov, and by the A. V. as a ** flagon of wiBe.** Caked fruit forms a part of the daily food of the An- bians, and is particulariy adapted to the wants of tnr- ellers ; dissolved in water it aflfords a sweet ao4 i» freshing drink (Niebuhr, Ardda, p. 67 ; BusseO, Ji^ po, i, 82) ; an instance of its stimulating eHect a r^ corded in 1 Sam. xxx, 12. Apples (perhaps diim\ are occasionally noticed, but rather in reiemKe to their fragrance (Cant ii, 5; vii, 8) and color (?rjf. xxv, 11) than as an article of food. Dates an bc( noticed in Scripture, unless we accept the renderi^ of y^\^ in the Sept (2 Sam. 1) as =^cV«ccc ; it csb hardly be doubted, however, that, where the pahn-tne flourished, as in the neighborhood of Jericho, its frst was consumed ; in Joel i, 12 it is reckoned among ctb. er trees valuable for their fruit The pomegraBili- tree is also noticed by Joel ; it yields a Insdona ftmit, from which a species of wine was expressed (Cisl viii, 2 ; Hag. ii, 19). Melons were grown in F^ (Num. xi, S), but not in Palestine. The mnlbeny »
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ioabtedly mentioned in Luke xrii, 6 nnder the name zafjuvoc ; the Hebrew D'^KSa so translated (2 Sam. 23 ; 1 Ghron. xiy, 14) b rather doubtful ; the Vulg. :ea it to meAn peart. The ouKOfiutpaia (A.V. "sjc- ore," Luke xix, 4) differs from the tree last men- ned ; it was the Egyptian fig, which abounded in lestine (1 Kings x, 27), and was much valued for fruit (1 Chron. xxvii, 28; Amos vii, 14). See Ap- b; Citron; Fio; Mulbebry-treb ; Pomboran- E; Stcaminb-trbe ; Stcamorb. Of vegetables (q. v.) we have most frequent notice of itils CGeii.xxv,84; 2 Sam. xvii, 28 ; xxiii,ll; Ezek. , 9), which are still largely used by the Bedouins in L veiling (^Burckhardt, Arabia, i, 65) ; beans (2 Sam. nl, 28 ; £zek. iv, 9), which still form a favorite dish Egypt and Arabia for breakfast, boiled in water and ten with butter and pepper ; fh>m 2 Sam. xvii, 28 it ight be inferred that beans and other kinds of pulse are roasted, as barley was, but the second '^h^ in at Terse is probably interpolated, not appearing in le Sept., and, even if it were not so, the reference to uUe in the A. Y., as of deer in the Vulg., is wholly iwarranted ; cucumbers (Num. xi, 5 ; Isa. i, 8 ; Bar. 1, 70 ; comp. 2 Kings iv, 39, where wild gourds, cmcm- eres asinim^ were picked in mistake for cucumbers) ; eks, onions, and garlick, which were and still are of superior quality in Egypt (Num. xi, 5 ; comp. Wil- inson, Anc, Egypt, ii, 374; Lane, i, 251); lettuce, of hich the wild species, lactuca agrettisy is identified ith the Greek irucpi^ by Pliny (xxi, 65), and formed, [?cording to the Sept. and the Vulg., the ** bitter erbs" (D^lHlD) eaten with the paschal lamb (Exod. ii, 8 ; Num. ix,. 11) ; endive, which is still well known 1 the East (Russell, i, 91), may have been included nder the same cLiss. In addition to the above we lave notice of certain " herbs" (H^'niK, 2 Kings iv, 9) eaten in times of scarcity, which were mallows ao- ording to the Syriac and Arabic versions, but, acoord- Dg to the Talmud, a vegetable resembling the brassica ruca of Linnsus ; and again of sea- purslane (n^bp ; IXi/ia; A.V. "mallows"), and broom-root (l3''7an*^; I. V. "juniper," Job xxx, iv), as eaten by the poor n time of famine, unless the latter were gathered as ^uel. An insipid plant, probably purslane, used in sal- id, appears to be referred to in Job vi, 6, under the ex- )re«sion n^D^H 'T''^ (A.V. "white of egg"). The usual method of eating vegetables was in the form )f pottage (y^)}, Sept. liy\niiia, Vulg. pulmenium, Gen. Kxv, 29; 2 Kings iv, 38; Hag. ii, 12; a meal wholly of vegetables was deemed very poor fiire, Prov. xv, 17; Dan. i, 12; Rom. xiv, 2). The modem Arabians consume but few vegetables ; radishes and leeks are most in use, and are eaten raw with bread (Burckhardt, Arabia, i, 66). See Bean ; Cucumber ; Garlic ; Gourd; Leek; Lentil; Onion.