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ttrangled (as in A. y.)t but to an j animal from which the blood was not regularly poured forth. Similar prohibitions are contained in the Koran (ii, 175 ; v, 4 ; xvi, 116), the reanlt of which is that at the present day the Arabians eat no meat except what lias been lx>ught at the shambles. Certain portions of the tat of sacri- fices were also forbidden (Lev. iii, 9, 10), as being set apart for the altar (Lev. iii, 16 ; vii, 25 ; comp. 1 Sam. ii, 16 sq. ; 2 Chron. vii, 7) : it should be observed that the term in Neh. viii, 10, translated faty is not S^n^ but D'^Spd^ =the fiitty pieces of meat, delicacies. In addition to the above. Christians were forbidden to eat the flesh of animals, portions of which had been offered to idols (€iiw\60vTa)y whether at private feasts or as bought in the marlLet (Acts xv, 29 ; xxi, 25 ; 1 Cor. viii, 1 sq.). All beasts and birds classed as unclean (Lev. xi, 1 sq. ; Deut. xiv, 4 sq.) were also prohibited (see AiQMAL ; Bibd) ; and in addition to these gener- al precepts there was a special prohibition against ** seething a kid in his mother's milk" (Exod. xxiii, 19 ; xxxiv, 26 ; Deut. xiv, 21), which has been vari- ously understood, by Talmudical writers, as a general prohibition against the joint use of meat and milk (Mishna, Cholm, cap. 8, § 1); by Michaelis {Mat. Jieeht, iv, 210) as prohibiting the use of fot or milk, in com- parison with oil, in cooking ; by Luther and Calvin as prohibiting the slaughter of young animals ; and by Bochart and others as discountenancing cruelty in any way. These interpretations, however, all faU in es- tablishing any connection between the precept and the offering of the first-fruits, as implied in the three pas- sages quoted. More probably it has reference to cer- tain heathen usages at their harvest festivals (Mai- monides. More Neboch, iii, 48 ; Spencer, De Legg. Hebr, RUt, p. 586 sq.) : there is a remarkable addition in the Samaritan version, and in some copies of the Sept. in Deut xiv, 21, which supports this view ; 5( y&p troui TOVTOy uxni dffiraXcuca BixxUy ori fuafffia l<m t*^ 9ii{i 'Icacufp (comp. Knobel, Comment, in Exod. xxiii, 19). The Hebrews further abstained from eating the sinew of the hip (mran n***, Gen. xxxii, 82), in memory of the struggle between Jacob and the angel (comp. ver. 25). The Sept., the Vulg., and the A. V. interpret the StraH Xeyofuvov word nasheh of the shrinking or be- numbing of the muscle (8 ivapKtj<Tfv; qui emarcuitf "which shrank'*): Josephus (v4frf. i,20, 2) more cor- rectly explains it as **the broad nerve" (t6 vtvpov ro irXarv) ; and there is little doubt that the nerve he re- fers to is the nenms UcMadiau^ which attains its great- est thickness at the hip. There is no further refer- ence to this custom in the Bible ; but the Talmudists (Choliny vii) enforced its observance by penalties. See Meat.
Under these restrictions the Hebrews were permit- ted the free use of animal food : generally speaking, they only availed themselves of it in the exercise of hospitality (Gen. xviii, 7), or at festivals of a religious (Exod. xli, 8), public .(1 Kings i, 9; 1 Chron. xii, 40), or private character (Gen. xxvii, 4 ; Luke xv, 28) ; it was only in royal households that there was a daily consumption of meat (1 Kings iv, 28; Neh. v, 18). The use of meat is reserved for similar occasions among the Bedouins (Burckhardt's Notes, i, 63X The ani- mals killed for meat were — calves (Gen. xviii, 7 ; 1 Sam. xxviii, 24 ; Amos vi, 4), which are farther de- scribed by the term fatling (8<'^'n73 =/i6<Txoc (Ttreuroc, Luke XV, 28, and ffirurrSvy Matt, xxii, 4 ; 2 Sam. vi, 18 ; 1 Kings i, 9 sq. ; A. V. "fet cattle"); lambs (2 Sam. xii, 4 ; Amos vi, 4) ; oxen, not above three years of age (1 Kings i, 9; Prov. xv, 17; Isa. xxii, 18; Matt. xxU, 4), which were either stall-fed (D'^K'na ; Sept. pLCKfxoi iK\€KTol)f ot taken up from the pastures ('»5'n ; Sept/3o£c vofiddig; 1 Kings iv,28); kids (Gen. xxvii, 9 ; Judg. vi, 19 ; 1 Sam. xvi, 20) ; harts, roebucks, and 'illow-deer (1 Kings iv, 28), which are also brought
into dose connection with ordinary cattle ■ h xiv, 5, as though holding an intennediatB f^ tween tame and wild animals ; birds of nri— t (D-'-lD^ ; Auth. Ver. •» fowls ;" Neh. ▼, 18 ; the & however, gives x'/'^^C) ^ though the xc«^i D^'l'^B^) ; quail in certain parts ci Armbta (Exaij 18 ; Num. xi, 32) ; poultry (D-^nana ; 1 K^ rr. understood generally by the Sept. 6fnnB^tf ak^ (TirtvTd ; by Kimchi and the A. Y. as ** &tted H by Gesenius, THetaur, p. 246, as geese^ fitm the ^ neu of their plumage ; by Thenios, Cboxn. is k<^ Guinea-fowls, as though tiie word represented Ihj of that bird) ; partridge (1 Sam. xxvi, 20) ; fi^l the exception of such as were without scales ssd (Lev. xi, 9 ; Deut. xiv, 9), both salted, as was fi^ the case with the sea-fish brought to JemsakiB \\ xiii, 16), and fresh (Matt, xiv, 19 ; xv, 36 ; Lak« 4 42) : in our Saviour's time it appears to hare \xt% usual food about the Sea of Galilee (Matt, vii, 19] { term 6^dpiov is applied to it by John (vi, 9; n sq.) in the restricted sense which the word cbd among the later Greeks, as - J&A. Locusts, «i certain species only were esteemed dean (Lev. xi, were occadonally eaten (Matt, iii, 4), but coosidei^ij poor fere. They are at the present day Isr^ rr. snmed by the poor both in Persia (Morier*» Sf^ Journey, p. 44) and in Arabia (Niebuhr, Vcyagt, I S:'. they are salted and dried, and roasted, when r<^: on a fhing-pan with butter (Burckhsxdt's Alsfti - 92 ; Niebuhr, L c). See Locust.