About 1260 public associations sprang vfbls0 for the purpose of discipline, under the naae f^ lants (q. v.).
** Sometimes discipline was carried to sb €90 more extravagant than that of St. Dominic Ino^^ we may judge from the laws of the Visigoths. n>' which (lib. vi, tit 5, sec. 8) bears the ft»lknri^fc*» dable beading: *i^t indiscreta disc^»Nma ffrn^ mori dejhg^ contigerit* — ^if death shoold ha^ &* undue severity. Sometimes it might be rweivT^** deputy. It was thus also, namely by proxj.** Henry IV of France was permitted to be wecncW' the Church when he abjured the errors ofPi***^ ism. D'Ossat and Du Perron, both of whoo ^ wards obtained cardinal's hats, were dcpirted ts ^ the discipline from the Pope himself^ who pxt ^ each one lash at every verse of the Misenn. ^ were allowed to keep their coats on, and theriff^ that his holiness struck lightly. The namfciTv rf* transaction was not inserted in the bull dsbn^
DISCUS
819
DISEASE
8 on accoant of tf me compromise between the pride and the king's honor ; bat it is recorded
ritten process of the ceremonial. An accoant discipline ondergone by Henry II after the
r of 4 Becket is given by Matthew Paris (Si-
f de Regn, Ital. xix; Da Pin, Bibl,^ xiii SticU;
1, Hist. FLiffel,)" — EncydopcBdia Metropolitana,
'crts (diiTKoCj a ?uo*0? one of the exercises in ecian gymnasia, wliich Jason, the high-priest, introduced among the Jews in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes (2 Mace, iv, 9), and which he induced even the priests to practise (2 Mace, iv, 14). The discos was a circular plate of stone or metal, made for throwing to a dis- tance as an exercise of strength and dex- terity (Lucian, Anct- ekron, 27). It was indeed one of the principal gymnastic exercises of the Greeks, and was practised in the he- roic age (Homer, IL
tn the BritiBh Museum. y.^, ^^^ ^^ »^2^|
For details, see Smith's Diet, of Class, Antiq. Mercnrial. De arte gymnast, ii, 12 ; Kraose, Gym- I Hellen, i, 440 sq. See Games.
lease (properly fl^np, machaleh', vocog), Dis- are not unfrequently alluded to in the Old Tes- t ; but, as no description is given of them, ex- 1 one or two instances (see below), it is for the tart impossible to determine much with certainty ning their nature. The same indefiniteness Is to a very great degree in the mention of dis- in the New Testament, but few of which are suf- ly explicit to identify them precisely with the ptions of modem pathology. With respect to ibject, it is known that there are certain words of it origin which are used in the Scriptures to ex- diseases of some kind or other; it will therefore nominent attempt with us to ascertain what the es are that were designed to be expressed by words, which will be noticed in their appropri- laces. See also Pestilence. The ancients accustomed to attribute the origin of diseases, ularly of those the natural causes of which they ot understand, to the immediate interference of eity (Dent, xxviii, 60 ; 2 Kings xix, 36 ; 1 Chron. 2-15; Psa. xxxix, 9-11;. Acts xii, 28). Hence were firequently denominated by the ancient a ftdariytCt or the scourges of God, a word which ployed by the physician Luke himself (vii, 21), Iso in Mark v, 29, 84. Two of the plagues of t were of this character. According to Prosper us (De Med. ^gypt,")^ diseases prevalent in t, and other countries of a similar climate, were almies, or diseases of the eyes ; leprosies, inflam- ns of the brain, pains in the joints, the hernia, tone in the kidneys and bladder, the phthisic, ^ pestilential, and tertian fevers; weakness of tomach, and obstructions in the liver and the A. The most prevalent diseases of the East at resent day are cutaneous diseases, malignant fe-
dysentery, and ophthalmia. Of the first of I the most remarkable are leprosy and elephanti-
The latter is usually thought to have been the Be of Job (q. v.). See Lefrost. To the same
class also belongs the singular disease called the mal cTAleppOj or *' Aleppo button," a species of felon, which is confined to Aleppo, Bagdad, Aintab, and the villa- ges on the Segour and Kowick (Russell's Nat. History of Aleppo, ii, 299). The Egyptians are subject to an eruption of red spots and pimples, which cause a troub- lesome smarting. The eruption returns every year towards the end of June or beginning of July, and is on that account attributed to the rising of the Nile (Volney, i, 281). Malignant fevers are very frequent, and of this class is the great scourge of the East, the plague (q. v.), which surpasses all others in vurulence and contagiousness. The Egyptian ophthalmia is prevalent throughout Egypt and Syria, and is the cause of blindness being so frequent in those countries. See Blindness. Of inflammatory diseases in general, Dr. Russell (/. c.) says that at Aleppo he has not found them more frequent, nor more rapid in their course than in Great Britain. Epilepsy and diseases of the mind are commonly met with. Melancholy monoma- niacs are regarded as sacred persons in Egypt, and are held in the highest veneration by all Mohamme- dans. See Lunatic.
The spermatic issue mentioned in Lev. xv, 6, cannot refer to gonorrkcea virulenta^ as has been supposed by Michaelis and Hebenstreit, for the person who ex- posed himself to infection in the various ways men- tioned was only unclean until the evening, which is for too short a time to allow of its being ascertained whether he had escaped contagion or not. Either, then, the law of purification had no reference whatever to the contagiousness of the disease (which is hardly admissible), or the disease alluded to was really not contagious. See Issue.