is required — in cases pro foro extemo through ipostoKc Dataria, and in cases pro foro intemo i^h the Pcenitentiaria. See Curia Romana. If K>inmunication with the pope is interrupted, or if } is danger in delay, and the granting of the papal msation be highly probable, the bishop may excep- >Uy grant a dispensation which ordinarily is re- ed to the pope ; but in such cases the papiol sanc-
tion must be solicited as soon as possible. The an- thorization of the bishops to grant dispensations is partly renewed every fifth year (JacuUates qtanquen" nales\ and partly g^ven as a personal distinction (/oe- uUates Kctraerdinarim) ; but they can only exercise it as papal delegates. ** The only kind of d^pensations now in use in England are those granted by a bishop to a clergyman to enable him to hold more benefices than one, or to absent himself from his parish. For- merly the pope's dispensations in England, as else- where, prevailed against the law of the land, not in ecclesiastical matters only, but in all that large de- partment of civil afibirs which, by an interested fiction, was brought within the scope of ecclesiastical govern- ment. This abuse was swept away at the Reforma- tion by 26 Henry VIII, c. 21. The power of the pope was then conferred on the archbishop of Canterbury, in so far as it was not contrary to the law of God. The granting of special licenses of marriage, and the like, is the only form in which it is ever exercised. In former times, the crown claimed a dispensing pow- er in civil, similar to that of the pope in ecclesiastical matters. The power was grossly abused by James II, and was consequently aboUsbed by the Bill of Rights. The privilege of granting pardons in capital cases is the only form in which the dispensing power of the crown still exists" (Chambers).
In the Protestant churches of the Continent of Eu- rope, the right of dispensing with ecclesiastical laws has devolved upon the princes, who generally exer- cise it through the Consistories. If the prince needs an ecclesiastical dispensation himself, he usually calls for the opinion of a theological faculty. — Herzog, RedU Encykl, iii, 428 ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirch.'Lex. iv, 178 ; Barrow, Works (N. Y. ed,), iii, 204 sq., 278.
Dispersed (diaovopa, scattering, John vii, 87; ** scattered," James i, 1 ; 1 Pet. i, 1 ; oomp. Tob. iii, 4 ; in Heb. usually some form of ]^B3, naphats/^j to break up, Isa. xi, 12 ; or y^ti, puts, Zeph. iii, 10, to scatter, as often rendered) JEWS, or, as they are rndst fre- quently styled technically and simply. The Disper- sion (17 Aiatm'opd, 2 Mace, i, 27 ; Judith v, 19 ; Jose- phus, Ant, xii, 13, etc.), is the general epithet applied to those Jews who remained settled in foreign coun- tries after the return from the Babylonian exile, and during the period of the second Temple. The Heb. word originally applied to these foreign settlers (r>lba, galuth', "captivity," comp. Jer. xxiv, 6; xxviii, 4, etc., from HPA, to strip naked ; so *' sons of captivity," Ezra vi, 16) conveys the notion of spoliation and be- reavement, as of men removed from the Temple and home of their fiithers ; but in the Sept. the ideas of a "sojourning" (juroiKtoid) and of a "colony" (airoi- Kia) were combined with that of a " captivity" (atxfia- XuMTia), while the term "dispersion" (Siaoiropd, first in Deut. xxviii, 26, for J^J5T ; comp'. Jer. xxxiv, 17), which finally prevailed, seemed to imply that the peo- ple thus scattered "to the utmost parts of heaven" (Deut. XXX, 4), "in bondage among the Gentiles" (2 Mace, i, 27), and shut out from the full privileges of the chosen race (John vii, 85), should yet be as the seed sown for a future harvest (comp. Isa. xlix, 6 Heb.) in the strange lands where they found a tempo- rary resting-place (1 Pet. i, 1, 7rapf7ri^i;/ioi dtaaTro- pac). The schism which had divided the first king- dom was forgotten in the results of the general calam- ity. The dispersion was not limited to the exiles of Judah, but included "the twelve tribes" (Jas. i, 1, ai dMSiKa <pv\ai ai Iv ry haoirop^, which express- ed the completeness at the whole Jewish nation (Acts xxvi, 7, rb tiahKaipvXov). — Smith, s. v. See Tribe.
The distinction of an Oriental and Occidental Diaspo- ra, or Dispersion (Otho, Lex. Rahh. p. 76 sq.), is errone- ous; but that the Jews, sometimes by constraint, some- times voluntarily, bad their residence among heathen.
DISPERSED
822
DISPERSED
cannot be denied (Dan. iz, 7; Jer. zxziii, 3; Ezek. xxxvi, 24, etc.), as well as that the deported Jewish col- onies voluntarily remained in exile during the period in question (see Groot, Dt migrationibui Hebrmrr. extra pcUriam ante Bieroa, a Romcmis dektam^ Gronin. 1817). In the time of our Saviour there was scarcely any land of the ancient world in which Jewish residents were not to be met with (Joseph. War^ vii, 3, 3 ; AtU, xiv, 7, 2 ; Philo, Opp, ii, 524, 687). We may appropriate- ly distinguish four groups of the dispersed Jews. See Captivity.
1. Those in Assyria, Media, Babylonia, and Perua, or the Tra/M-Euphraiean {pi virlp Ev<ppdrfjv dit^tKia- ptvoi 'loudaioi^ Joseph. AtU. xv, 3, 1), descended from the Jews and Israelites transported to these countries by the exUe, between whom and the Palestinian Jews all distinctive prejudice gradually wore away. Many thousand Jews lived in these countries (Joseph. Ant. XV, 2, 2 ; 8, 1 ; PhUo, 0pp. ii, 678), in good cfa-cum- stances, as it would seem. With their native land (Palestine) they had religious connection through reg- ular transmittance of the annual Temple-tax and firsts lings (Joseph. Ant. xiv, 7, 2 ; xviii, 9, 1 ; Philo, 0pp. ii, 678). There was even at one time a Babylonian high- priest at Jerusalem (Joseph. Ant. xv, 2, 4 ; 3, 1); and the Talmud speaks in respectful terms (see Lightfoot, ffor, Hebr. p. 1031) of this branch of the Dispersion, which went under the general denomination of the Babylonian (17 Siatrvopd rwv Ba^vXtttviuiv). Their freedom had been confirmed by Alexander the Great (Joseph. .4n<. xi, 8, 6; compare Apion, i, 23). Under the Seleucid kings they were, for the most part, favored on account of their zealous promotion, by military ser- vice, of the undertakings of those princes ; and Antio- chus the Great regarded them as such approved sub- jects, that he planted an entire colony by means of them in Asia Minor (Joseph. Ant, xii, 8, 4). Never- theless there were not wanting collisions with the na- tive Babylonians ; bloody scenes ensued ; and in the Roman period, under the emperor Caligula, the Bab- ylonian Jews were compelled to emigrate to the then flourishing Seleucia, where, however, they soon drew upon them the ill-will of the inhabitants (Joseph. Ant. xviii, 9). See Babylonia.