LiUrature, — Csesar, De BeL Gall, vi, ia-18; Pliny, $t. Nat, xvi, 95 ; xxiv, 62 ; xxx, 4 ; Lucan, Pharsal. [44 sq. ; iii, 899 sq. ; Tacitus, Atmals, xiv, 30; Am- dnus Marcellinns, xv, 9,8; Pomponius Mela,i>e situ Hs^ iii, 2 and 6 ; Suetonius, De vita Catarum^ v, 25 ; iodorus Siculns, Bibltoth. Hist, ii, 47 ; v, 81 ; Strabo, wffraphUxi, iv, § 197-8 ; Diogenes Laertius, De vids iUosophorttm, PrcBtrntwi^ i, 1 and 3 ; Frickius, Cbmm,
Drmdis (Ulm, 1744, 4to) ; Iconographic Encyclopm' a, iv, 74-79 (N. Y. 1861) ; Godwin, History of France, 44-53 (N. Y. 1860); BibUotkeca Sacra, July, 1854, 6-470 ; Edmburgh Review, July, 1863, 20-36 (^mer. it) ; Pictorial History of England, vol. i, chap, ii, v ; night, Popular History of England, i, 8-10; lb. Old ngland, vol. i, chap, i ; Mountain, Ancient Gatd (in 7story of Roman Empire, Encychpcedia Metrop. crown ro ed., p. 5-10) ; Brand, Popular Antiquities (see In- ix); Chambers, Booh of Days (rfee Index) ; Fosbroke, ncyclop(edia of Antiquities (see Index) ; Maurice, In- <m Antiquities, vol. vi, pt. i ; Higgins, Celtic Druids -end. 1829, 4to) ; Davies, Celtic Researches, and Rites %d Mythology of British Druids; Borlase, Antiquities ''Cornwall; Rowland, Mona Anliqua; Smith, ReHg- '» of Ancient Britain (London, 1846, 2d ed.) ; Toland, h'tical History of the Celtic Religion (n. d.) ; Barth, ^eber d, Druiden der Kelten (Erlang. 1826) ; Burton, lisiory of Scotland, vol. i (Edinburgh, 1867, 4 vols.) ; Richards, Welsh Memorial cmd Essay on Dntidism (Lon- on, 1820, 8vo) ; Alger, Future lAfe, p. 88. See Cel- ic Reuoion.
Dmmmond, Robert Hay, D.D., archbishop of ^ork, son of the carl of Kinnonl, was bom in London n 1711. He studied at Westminster School and Christ 'hurch, Oxford, and became rector of Bothal, Nor- humberhind, in 1785. He was made bishop of St. ^ph in 1748, and was translated to Salisburj- in 1761. n the same year he was appointed archbishop of York. ?e died in 1776. His sermons, published separately Inrlng his lifetime, obtained great celebrity, and have >een collected and published under the title Sermons m PvbKc Occasions, with a Letter on Theological Study ;
and Memoirs of his Life, by George Hay Drummond, A.M. etc. (Edinburgh, 1808, 8vo).— Darlmg, Cjyc&jKedia BibKographica, s. v.
Dmses, the name of certain tribes of Syria (Asi- atic Turkey), inhabiting a tract of land on the south- em side of Mount Lebanon and the westem side of Anti-Lebanon, between Beirut and Sur, and extending from the shores of the Mediterranean to Damascus. They exclusively inhabit 87 villages in the Lebanon and 69 in the Anti-Lebanon. The Maronites are min- gled with them in about 210 villages. They are said to be about 100,000 in number. The name Druse is derived from that of Mohammed Ben Israel Darasi (see below), although the Druses do not acknowledge him as the founder of their religion, and many of their writers even call him by opprobrious names, e. g. Sa- tan, the Impostor, etc
I. History. — Their origin dates back to the tenth century, where they are found under the government of their founder. Hakim (996-1021). * * After the second captivity of Israel, Esarhaddon (7th century B.C.) re- peopled the wasted strongholds of Samaria with cer- tain fierce tribes, some of whom, called in the Scrip- tures Cathites, and known in subsequent times to the Greeks as Cardnchi, and fiimiliar to us as Kurds, set- tled in Lebanon. From them the present Drases are supposed to haye originally sprung. More than a thousand years later a fresh colonization took place. The Mardi, a wariike tribe who dwelt to the north of the Caspian, originally of Persian extraction, were transplanted thither by Gonstanthie IV, in A.D. 686, to the number of 12,000, to act as a bulwark against Mohammedan invasion. The Arabs also, in sweeping through the mountain fiistnesses, left a permanent im- pression there. Thus Cuthites, Mardi, and Arabs, or rather Mohammedans of various races, hare combined to fom> that strange being, the modem Druse. It has also been supposed by some that there rans In his veins not a little of the blood of the Crusaders, but this is doubtful. No immigrations, however, of any importance into the country of the Druses took place aftef the close of the 10th century ; and this period seems naturally to conclude the first great section of Druse history. The nationality of these mountaineers having now been consolidated, their peculiar and mysterious religion began gradually to bo developed" (Chambers's Encyclopaedia, s. v.). Hakim Biamrillah succeeded as caliph of Egypt in 996, and distinguished his reign by cruel persecutions of the Christians; it is said that 80,000 churches and monasteries were de- stroyed by his command. Some years before his death (about A.D. 1026), *' Mohammed Ben Israel Da- rasi, a teacher belonging to the Batinites who had come ttom Persia, entered his service, and became an especial favorite at the palace. In return for the fa- vors received from the caliph, he publicly ascribed to his master divine honor and majesty ; but when he attempted to teach this doctrine in the mosque, from a book he had written, he was violently assaulted, and escaped with difficulty from the hands of the enraged worshippers. By the advice of Hakim he fled to Syria, and began to propagate his doctrines among the races dwelling on Lebanon, near the sources of the Jordan. In less than ten years, nearly all the Arab tribes that had become located here professed the religion of the Druse. Living at a distance trom the place of Mohammed's power, and their fathers never having joined in the forays of the Prophet, or reaped the pillage of his battles, they were less attach- ed to his faith than its other adherents. It is supposed that Darasi perished in a liattle with the orthodox Moslem from the plain, as they resolutely opposed him, and he had to defend himself constantly from their attacks. There was a turban-maker, called Hamsa, and snmamed Hadi, the Leader, from whom Darasi received the instructions that induced him to deify the caliph. It is not improbable, however, that