Loading a Camel. From the Sculptures at Kouyanjlk.
camel receiving its load is found, designed with con- siderable truth and spirit: the legs bent under, the tail raised, the foot of the man on the neck of the ani- mal to keep it from rising, while a second adjusts the burden from behind, form a group seen every day in the Desert and in an Eastern town (Layard, Nin. and Bah. p. 495). They are often stubborn and vicious, although generally tractable, except in the time of
DRONTHKIM
896
DROUGHT
heat (Leo AfHc. ix, 80 ; Cbardin, Foyc^, iii, 378 ; comp. Jer. ii, 23); among the Arabs they are regarded as very revengeful (compare Olear. Trav. p. 8U0 ; hence alBO their name, from 9^S, to treat eril ; see Gesenius, Tke8<ntr. p. 293). They are taught to go by a touch (Kfimpfer, Amoen. p. 724), and are guided by certain (guttural) sounds ; and their necks are hung with or- naments (Judg. viii, 21, 26 ; see Wellsted, i, 209). Camel-drivers are called in the Talmud ')'*^fi^, ffom- malin (Miihna^ ii, 101 ; iii, 74). Camels' milk has al- ways been highly esteemed in the East as a cooling drink (Pliny, xi, 96; xxviii, 38; Aristotle, Anim. vi, 25 ; Diod. Sic. iii, 45 ; Niebuhr, Trav, i, 814 ; Hussel, Aleppo^ ii, 46; Buckingham, Mesopot. p. 142; Hdst, Marokko, p. 288; Tischendorf, /?€**«, i, 258); when fermented it has an intoxicating quality (Pallas, Ru$$, i, 240). The flesh, especially of the hump (Freytag, DarsteiL d. Arab. Verskunst, p. 55), is eaten by the Ar- abs with great relish (Aristotle, i4fMm. vi, 26; Diod. Sic«ii,54; Herod, i, 123; Jerome, in Joriii. ii, 6 ; Hdst, Marok, p. 288 ; Russel, ii, 32 sq. ; RosenroQller, Mory, ii, 163 sq.) ; to the Hebrews it was forbidden (Lev. xi, 4 ; see RosenmCdler in Bochart, i, 12 ; Michaelis, Mot. Becht, iv, 202). Of the hair (Talmud, wool, *1^?, Mishna, Chil. vii, 1), which in the spring falls off of itself, are made coarse cloths and garments (Matt, iii, 4), and tent-covers (Buckingham, Trac, ii, 86 ; Mftop. p. 142; Russel, Aleppo^ ii, 47 ; Harmer, iii, 856 ; Otho, Lex, Rabb, p. 114 ; yet fine textures of camels'-hair are also mentioned, i£lian, Anim, xvii, 34). Of the bide, sandals and water-skins are made, and the dung serves as^fuel (Volney, i, 296). The proverb of Matt, xix, 24 also occunrin the Koran (Sur. vii, 88), and the Tal- mndists employ in the same sense NB^lpa ^!?y7 ^^'''? K^n^'l, on elephant entering a neediest eye (Buxtorf; Lex. Talm. col. 1722). On Matt, xxiii, 24, and other Arab and Rabbinic proverbs which are spoken of the camel, see Bochart, Ilieroz. i, 25. See generally Bo- chart, i, 8 sq. ; Fabri Evagat^ ii, 881 sq. ; Burckhardt, Bedouim^ p. 167 sq. ; 357 sq. ; Oken, Naturgeach. Ill, ii, 704 sq. ; Tilesius in the HaU, Encgklop. xxi, 28 sq. —Winer, i, 645. Compare Camel.
Drontheim (Danish Trondkjem), a city in Nor- way, with a population in 1865 of 19,287 inhabitants. About 1020 the first episcopal see of Norway was es- tablished at Drontheim, which was thenceforward the centre of the missionary efforts for the Christianization of the country. At first the bishopric belonged to the episcopal province of Hamburg-Bremen ; on the ele- vation of Lund to be an archiepiscopal see, Drontheim, with all the Scandinavian dioceses, became subordinate to the archbishop of Lund. In 1162 Drontheim was made the metropolitan see for all Norway, and as such it embraced seven snffhigan bishops, namely, Beriren, Stavanger, Hammer, and Anslo (Opslo) in Norway, Sodren in the Orkney Islands, Holuro in Iceland, and Garde in Greenland. The cathedral of Drontheim contained the relics of king Olav the Saint, who was venerated by the whole kin;;dom as its patron, and whose grave was consequently visited by numerous pilgrims. It was also the capital of Norway, and had before the Reformation ten churches and five convents.
tince the Reformation it has remained the seat of a Qtheran bishop. See Norway. A list of the bish- ops of Drontheim is given in Torf«us, Historia Norve- fficB. — ^Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, iii, 805.
Dropsy, a well-known disease (mentioned only in Luke xiv, 2, in the case of the dropsical man, vSpovt- rof, cured by our Saviour on the Sabbath), manifested by a morbid collection of watery secretion in any of the cavities of the body. See Disease.
Dross (a'^p, sigj once [Ezek. xxii, 18, text] 5^D, tug, what goes ojjf in refining), the scorice or impurities of silver separated from the ore, or rusted or adultera-
ted forms, by the process of melting (Pivr. xr xxvi,23;Psa.cxix,119); nisotbt hate mad, mu ture itself prior to smelting (laa. i, 22, 35; Exetz,] 18, 19). See Metal. '
Droste zu Vischeiliig, CixMxsts Arenr b ON voir, archbishop of Cologne, was ton $l !» ster, Westphalia, January 21, 1773. He ifbfi tk» ogy and philosophy at M&nster, and m m^ m- duced into the literary circle of the priiw«« AaA of Gallitzin (q. v.). After travelling fw rane taii Italy, where he devoted himself to the ftody of in,b was consecrated a priest at Mtlnster oa M^ KTX by his brother Kaspar Maximilian, who hid fana, m 1795, assistant bishop (weihbishof) ci MiattiL h 1807 he was elected by the chapter rktignmi,mi as such, administered the diocese until l>12,vbaSi- poleon appointed the baron von Spiegel l«b«pcf)ih- ster. In order to avoid a schinn, Dnete etmkantii administration of the diocese upon the vm b»&cf During the Congress of Vienna he vent to Kaw,r make a report on the situation of the Charck «f fin in Germany. On his retnm, Mtrch, 181^ be pilbbi< a papal brief, which dissolved the diapter cftikfcM by Napoleon, and relieved the baron von ^m^ im the administration of the diocese. The pcpl ^ki- was recognised by the king of Prussia, «hoUle?« the sovereign of Monster ; but soon crnfficto irw W- tween the Prussian government snd Dnteli^TWte again taken charge of the administration oftiR^ioasL He forbade Roman Catholic tbeobgiea) Htukatu study at the new Prussian Univerritr of Bo«. A£i the conclusion of the concordat between Pnsdi r: the pope, Droste again retired into private lifc,aii- voted himself wholly to the extension of a nrwtpwi- tion of Sisters of Charity which he hid fan/kL J* 1827 he was consecrated assistant bishop of If Char In 1835 he was elected archbishop of CoiqgDe,l»ki> ing previously premised to adhere to u ifn** concluded between the Prussian goTeramcatiadd* late archbishop of Cologne conoeming mrriiise* Ir tween Roman Catholics and Protestants. B«t an after his inthronization, the new archli^kf ve >- volved in serious conflicts with the goTefnoeet & maintained that he had been deceived by tbe Pni«a government as to the true meaning of tlie ign«^ between the government and arcbbidiop SpK^ ^ vMrh aUtke ciher bishops of pnusia had diofeniir adhesion), and declared tLat he would rtiicth apf out the views of the pope. He also ^wttdt^^ great rigor against the Henresians (q.T.).*b«e «*' bad been repeatedly condemned in Borne, b* **" were patronized by the Pmsaian govtrnwoL fe- peated eflbrta of the government to previil nj« ft** te to abdicate having failed, he waf, on Not. ft J* arrested and sent to the fortress of Minden. S«* ter the accession of Friedrich Wilhehn lYtothf dw of Prussia, the difficulties between the State asd Om^ of Rome were settled by a compromise, sadDw**^ stored to liberty. He had, however, to scceiit » t» jutor (bishop Geissel, of Spires), to wboo he wbS: left the administration of the diocese. He i^nSvi a cardinal's hat which was offered to him b^lkf |«!* He died at Monster on Oct, 19, 1845. He i«lfrW several pamphlets on the relation between ChaA ni State, one ascetical book, and a volume «f khu*. none of which are of permanent vslne,— WetJ* ' Welte, Kirchen-Lerikon, iii, 806; Herzog,Ao^£^ j klop. iii, 506. See Dunist; Cologne; Hvtm.