Dronght(r'nJta, baistto'r^ wfrtwrfofna'^ xvii, 8 ; " dearth,^' xiv, 1 ; ^in, dto'nh, <irp».G« xxxi, 40; Jer. 1, 88; Hag. ij U ; elsewhere "bei' etc. ; or V''^'J'!1» charabon, the same, P». ma* ninxna, tscKhtsachoth\ dry places, Isa-lvniU;^ tngak'\ Job xxiv, 19 ; Jer. ii, 6, a rfry W « «^ where osnally rendered ; f'^^tas, tftsnaam'.*^
DROVE
897
DRuros
f», Deut. viii, 15; "dry gronnd," Psa. cvii, 88; trsty land," Isa. xxxv, 7; nn!|5<i>n, tahibah', «, Ho8. xiii, 6). See Desert ; Valestinb. In ea, daring the months of April, May, August, and «mber, before and after the height of summer, and ' the early and before the latter rains, the earth is tshed with dews so copious as in a great measure ipply the place of showers. But, however copious iews, they nonrish only the more robust or hardy ts ; and, as the season of heat advances, the grass lers, the flowers fade, every green herb is dried up he roots and dies, unless watered by the rivulets y the labor of man. To this appearance of the is during an Eastern summer the sacred writers u allude (Psa. xxxii, 4 ; Isa. xl, 6, 7). Should at season a single spark Ikll upon the grass, a confla- ion immediately ensues, especially if there should any briers or thorns, low shrubs, or contiguous ds (Psa. Ixxxiii, 14; Isa. ix, 18; x, 71, 18; Jer. , 14). From the middle of May to the middle of ?ust, therefore, the land of Judsia is dry. It is the aght of summer (Gen. xxxi, 40 ; Psa. xxxii, 4). ) {>arched ground is often broken into chasms (Psa. 4). The heavens seem like brass, and the earth t iron, and all the land and the creatures upon it fer (Deut. xxviii, 28); and nothing but the very ;ht dews of the night preserve the life of any living ig (Hag. i, 11). See Dew. [>TOve ('^'3?, e'derj afock or herd, Gen. xxxii, 16, »^}i^'0, machaneh'f a troop or army. Gen. xxxiii, See Cattlb. Orown (n»^, shaiaph\ Cant, viii, 7, to overflow, elsewhere usually rendered ; !?pO, thaka% to sub- e or be submerged, Amos ix, 5; viii, 8; elsewhere luench," "sink," etc.; Jnw, taba^, to irnmene, od. XV, 4; elsewhere "sink;" pv^i^ut, whelm, 1 m. vi, 9: "sink,** Luke v, 7; KaTawivta, Heb. xi, to swallow, as elsewhere rendered ; Karairovril^ofiai, itt xviii, 6, to &e smik, as in Matt, xiv, 3). Drown- ; was a mode of punishment in use among the Sjt- is, and was well known to the Jews in the time of r Saviour (Matt, xviii, 6), though we have no scrip- ral evidence that it was practised by them. It was use also among the Greeks and Romans. The em- ror Augustus punished certain persons who had been ilty of rapacity in the province of Syria or of Lycia ' causing them to be thrown into a river, with a avy weight about their necks. Josephus idso tells that the Galilasans revolting, drowned the partisans Herod in the sea of Gennesareth (^Ant, xiv, 15, 10). ) this mode of capital punishment Christ alludes in att. xviii, 6. It is still practised in India: a large Dne is tied around the neck of the criminal, who is St into the sea or into deep water. See Punish-
EST.
Broz, FBAN901S Xavier Joseph, a French writer I philosophical and religious subjects, was bom at e«an9on Oct. 31, 1773. After serving for three years the army of the French republic, he was for some ^rs teacher at the central school of the department oubs. In 1808 he went to Paris, where he devoted is whole time to literary studies. He became first nown by his work Essai sttr Vart d'etre Aeureux (Par. «>6). In 1823 he wrote the work De la Philosophie W'ok, ou des differents Stftthnet nor la science delavie k1 ed. Par. 1843), which obtained the Monthyon prize, nd opened to the author the way into the French icademy, of which he became a member in 1824. His »ost important work U a Histoire du rkffne de Louis C V/ (Par. 1838-42, 8 vols.), on which he worked thirty ears. Being in his earlier years a sensualist and Epi- orean, Droz in the Utter part of his life became an otspoken Roman CathoHc. He then wrote Pens^es »• fe Christianisme (Paris, 1842 ; 6th edit 1844). He lied Nov. 6, 1850.— Brockhaus, Convers.-Lex, s. v. II.~L L L
Dmxn. See Musical Instbttmbkts. Dnrnk (this and its rekted words, ''drunken," ''drunkard,'* etc., are represented in Hebrew by some form of the verbs ^3^, shakar', to become intoxicated f nn©, shaihay, to drink simply; m^, ravah', to drink to satiety ; KSD, saba\ to drink to excess ; Gr. /w^vw). The first instance of intoxication on record is that of Noah (Gen. ix, 21), who was probably ignorant of the effects of the expressed juice of the grape. The sin of drunkenness is most expressly condemned in the Scriptures (Rom. xiii, 13 ; 1 Cor. vi, 9, 10 ; Eph. v, 18 ; 1 Thess. V, 7, 8). See Tbmpebancb. The use of strong drink, even to excess, was not uncommon among the Jews. This is inferred from the striking figures with which the use and effects of it have ^mished the sacred writers, and also from the various express prohibitions and penalties (Psa. cvii, 27 ; Isa. v, 11 ; xxiv, 20; xlix, 26; 11,17-22; Prov. xxi, 1; Hab. ii, 16, 16). See Dbink, Stbono. Men are sometimes represented as drunk with sorrow, with afflictions, and with the wine of God's wrath (Isa. Ixiii, 6 ; Jer. li, 67 ; Ezek. xxiii, 38). (See Wemyss, Symbol. Diet. s. v.) Persons under the infiuence of superstition, idolatry, and delusion are said to be drunk, because they make no use of their natural reason (Isa. xxviii, 7 ; Kev. xvii, 2). Drxmhesmess sometimes denotes abundance, satiety (Deut. xxxii, 42; Isa. xlix, 26). To "add drunkenness to thirst" (Deut. xxix, 19) is to add one sin to another; i. e. not only to pine in secret after idol-worship, but openly practise it (see Stuart's ifeft. Chrest, on this passage).