Doxaras. J^ Dubt.
Duran, the name of a &mily ori^nsDr dh vence, afterwards settlers In Spain, and itaem^ in Algiers, which produced seveml men wl» mi garded as ornaments to Rabbuucal leamiag. ^ Duran, 1891, wrote a ComwtaUarg om Jek, vfti ai troduction on the principles npon wluch itihMff expounded (Yen. 1590) ; and Salomon, who ified Jtf distinguished himself as a xeakms apolopii ^m ism. His brother Zemach is tlie author of a bd epistles, Shealoth vateshuvoth, on Tarlons ici^^ Talmudic law and metaphysical phOosophj G^ 1782), and of several other Rahbtalcal wort&-4 idge, Introd, to Hebrew LUerature (Lond. ISSCV jl
Durand, David, a French Protestant dhal bom in 1681 at St. Pargoixe, in T^«g»*A.> a tared the mhiistry at Basle In 1706; aftow^i to HoUand, and became chaplain of a r^gmd refhgees. Being taken prisooer, he BsnBvi| eaped death, and was sabeequentiy in eqsil ^ ttom the Inquisition in Spain. He escaped, hs^ through the influenoe of the duke of Bervick, 4 1714 became preacher to the Savoy, in this office he died in London, Jan. 16, 1763w Bm\ many books, among which are Sermome smr (Lond. 1728, 8vo); La Rdigion des Mi Reland (U Haye, 1721, 12mo); LaVmds mni (Rott 1717, 12mo).— Haag, La Frmet voL iv.
Dnnuid, Fran9oi8 Jaoqnao, a ¥nmA I tant minister, was bom at SemaM, near Alesl 1727, of a Roman Catholic fiuoily . As soon e 1 completed lus preparatory studisa at Fan, Q applied himself to the study of tlieology« a^ turned in 1775 to Lausanne to embrace the ', religion. He was licensed to preach in JaBBU| and soon acquired an enviable repntatioa at prt In 1768 Duiand was appointed director of t| seminary at Beme and pastor of the YrmA M that place. At the same time be contlnoed to ii in ecclesiastical histoiy, statisticsi, civH lmta|
DURAND
019
DURER
CHirlBtian morals at Laasaime, where he died, April, 116. Besides a number of misoelbmeons works, Da- jid published UEtprU de Sixurw, owragt utik h utes lesfamillei chriUames (Lansaime, 17C7, 2 toIs. tmo) : — Sermom mr let tolemmtis ckritietmet (Lan- inne, 1767, 8 ▼ols. 8vo; Avignon and Paris, 1776) :— 'AfmSe ifxmgUiqiiSy ou termoM pour tout let dmanchet t fHes de Vatmie (Lausanne, 1780, 7 vols. 8yo; and ith Supplement, Lausanne, 1792, 2 T(ds. 8to). A Letch of his life, with certain Sermotu nouoeaux^ by rmand Delille, appeared at Valence (1805, 2 vols. 2mo).— Hoefer, Nouv. Biog, GhUrale, xt, 428.
Durand or Dnranti (Du&avdus or Durantus), fruiUauxne, sumamed Speculator^ was bom aboat ..D. 1280 at Puimosson, in France. Studying at Bo- tgna and Modena, he became a learned ritnslist, and
great liavorite of popes Clement IV and Gregory X. [e was appointed by the latter pope legate to the iouncil of Lyons in 1274, and bishop of Mende in 287. He died in Rome Nov. 1, 1296. His principal rorks are Speeukmjurit (Strasburg, 1475, 4 parts, and lany editions later) :—Bationale dimnorum offkiorum Blavence, 1459, fol. ; Augsb. 1470, fol. ; Rome, 1478, 477, fol. ; Ulm, 1478, 1475, fol.). The first book of the IcUumale has been translated, under the title The h/mboUtm of Churchet and Church Omamenit, by J. M. ?eale and B.Webb (Leeds, 1848, 12mo).
Durand, De Saint-Ponrgain (Dubandub a {ancto Pobtiano), one of the most eminent of the ater scholastic divines, was bom at Saint- Pour9ain, ^uvergne, about 1280. From early years a mem- >er of the Dominican order, he was made doctor in .813. His great abilities were soon manifest. John IXU called him to Rome, and appointed him master Kt the palace. In 1818 Dorand recrossed the monn- ains, and accepted the bishopric of Pnyen-Velay. ae became bishop of Heauz In 1326, and died in 1882. 9e is known among the great scholastics by the dis- anctive title Doctor RetohOittmmt, His principal writ- ngs are, In Senientiat LombartR commeniariorum lUni h (Lngd. 1569 ; Venice, 1586, fol.) :— i>c Origine Jurit- Uctumum, tioe de juritdictUme eoeletiatHca et de iegtbut [Paris, 1564, 4to) : — Statuta tynodi dioecetit Anicientis, in a work of P. Gissey entitled Ditcourt hittoriquet de la devotion h N. D. du-Pug (Lyon, 1620, 8vo).
In philosophy and theology Durand was naturally I Thomist, but the course of his studies led him far iway iVom the ground of Aquinas. He was a thor- 9Qgh Nominalist in phOosophy. See Nominalism. He hdd theology to be a practical science, the object of which is, not the knowledge of God, but the lifs of faith. He pronounced the scientific knowledge of God to be beyond the reach of the human mind. Our knowledge of God rests on fidth, and faith on the au- thority of the Church. Nevertheless, in his Comment, m Sentewt, LomJbardi (i, dist 8, qu. 1, cited by Hagen- bacb, History o/Doc^inet, § 164), he speaks of a three- fold way which leads to the knowledge of God : 1. Via eminenti(By which ascends fhmi the excellencies of crea- tures to the idea of the highest excellency, i. e. to the perfect God. 2. Via cautaUtatity which ascends from the phenomena of creation to the first cause. 8. Via remotiomt, which begins with changeable and depend- ent existence, and ends with necessary and absolute existence (esse de se). This is apparently in contra^ diction to his fbndamental principle ; but he dears it up by declaring that it is not the nature of God which is thus demonstrable, but his relation to the external world which can be thus demonstrated. It will be seen that the question of the relativity of knowledge is here mvolved ; and that Sir W. Hamilton and Man- sell, in eur days, almost reproduce the theory of Du- rand. As to the tacramenitj Durand declared that they are *' not necessary nor sufficient in themselves for the salvation of men, since God has not so neces- sarUy connected with these elements the power by