tistic to call it ddectatio (Rep. Paris, iv, d. 49, qu. 1 and 2).' How he disposes of the Biblical authority, ac^ cording to which eternal life consists in knowing God, has been mentbned above. As, through his stronger emphaiuzing of the will, he separates himself from Ar- istotle^s deification of theoiy, naturally with him the Augnstmian will-lessness must disappear. Duns is a decided synergist. To be sure, the will is not suffi- cient for salvation ; it needs to be assisted through the infusion of the theological virtue of charitas (ibid. qu. 10) ; but it must be remembered also that Christ only names himself the Door, but the door does not render entrance superfiuous. Entrance requires the co-oper- ation of man (Cjp. Oxon. iii, d. 19). He does not scru- ple, therefore, to name the appropriation of salvation through faith a merit which will be rewarded. It is no contradiction to say that when God shows himself compassionate only, he, when just, also decides the act of man (Rep. Paris, iv, d, 46)."
** The admirers of Scotus extol his acuteness and subtlety as unrivalled, and he has always been ac- counted the chief glory of the Franciscans, as Thomas Aquinas has been of their rivals, the Dominicans. If in his short life he actually wrote all the works that are commonly attributed to him, his industry at least must have been prodigious. His fame during his life- time, and long after his death, was not exceeded by that of any other of the Scholastic doctors. From him and Aquinas two opposing sects in theology took the names of Scotists and Thomists, and divided the schools down almost to the last age. The leading tenet of the Scotists was the immaculate conception of the Virgin, and they also differed from the Thomists on the sub- jects of free-will and the efficacy of divine grace. In philosophy the Scotists are opposed to the Occamists, or followers of William Occam, who was himself a pu- pil of Scotus, but differed from his master on the sub- ject of universals, or general terms, which the Scotists maintained to be expressive of real existences, while the Occamists held them to be nothing more than names. Hence the Scotists are called Realists, the Occamists Nominalists. It is a fiivorite opinion of Bayle's that this doctrine of the Scotists was nothing less than an undeveloped Spinozism (Diet. Crit. art. Abelard, note C, and Andr6 Cisalpin, note B). It may be added that the Englbh term * dunce* has been com- monly considered to be derived from the name of the subtle doctor— * perhaps,' says Johnson, * a word of re- proach first used by the Thomists, fh)m Duns Scotus, their antagonist' " (English Cyclopiedia, s. v.).
The collected works of Duns Scotus first appeared at Lyons under the title of Joanms Duns Sc<Hi Opera omnia qua hucusque reperiri potuerunt coUecta, etc., ed* ited by the Irish Minorite, Wadding (Lugd. 1689, 12 vols. fol.). It does not contain all the works of Sco- tus, but only those designated as his Opera Speadali- va7 the contents are, vol. i. Wadding Vita Scoti, with Grammaiica speculativa; In universam logicam Qutes- iionesf voL ii. Comment, in libros Physic. AristoteUs; QucBStiones in libros Aristotetis De Anima; vol. iii, TractcOus de Rerum Principio ; Tractatus de primo Prin- c^fio; Theoremata subtHitissma ; De Cognitione Dei; vol. iv, EacponUo in Metaphysicam AtisioteUs ; Condu- siones MetaphysUxe ; Qucestiones in Metaphysicam j vols. V, vi, vii, viii, ix, x, Distinctiones in quaiuor Ubros Sen- tentiarum; vol. xi, Reportatorwn Parisiensktm Libri iv; vol. xii, Qucestiones quodlibetales. The CommentarU Sacr. Script, were to be given in a later publication by the same editor, which never appeared. Wadding's Vita Joanms Duns ScoH was reprinted at Mens (1644, 12mo). There is also a TracUxtus de Joanms Scoti Vita, etc., Auctore B. F. Joanne Colgano, Ord. Minor. (Antw. 1655, 12mo). A summary of his theology is given in Albergoni, Resohttio Doctrina Scotica (Lugd. 1648, 8vo). Baumgarten-Crusius wrote a treatise on his theological system (De Theoiogia i9coft', Jena, 1826, 4to). See also Neander, History of Dogmas (Bohn's ed.), ii,
DUNSTAN
916
Dupm
544-590 ; Higenbach, Hittory of Doctrme$ (Smith's ecL), i, 896 et sL ; Ho«fer, Naup, Biog. Gmkraie^ xv, 255 ; Ckriidan Examiner (Boat.), 1849, art. i ; N. BrU. Rev. May, 1855, art iii ; Moebeim, Chmrch Eiet, bk. iii, c. xiv, pt ii, ch. U, § 88 ; Haareau, PkUoecphie ScoUu- tique^ ch. XXV ; Bracker, ffistoria CriHcOj t. iii, p. 825 ; Erdmann (translated in Awter. Preebjft, Review, April, 1865, dted above).
Dnnatan, archbishop of Canterbury, monk and statesman, was bom at Glastonbury A.I). 925. He early entered into holy orders, and by means of his relative, archbishop Athelm, was introduced at court, where he acquired great influence over the kings Ath- elstan and Edmund. He was afterwards, however, persecuted on account of his indepeodent spirit, and an austerity which had excited the anger of king Ed- win and of Ethelred. He was exiled for some time in Flanders, but was, on his return, made bishop of Lon- don, and finally archbishop of Canterbury in 961. He died May 19, 988. He was canonized as a saint, and is commemorated on the 19th of May. He was well versed in the arts and sciences. The CongrtgcOion <^ Benedictines of 8L Dunttan, which he founded, spread rapidly after 957. Writers differ greatly in their es- timates of Dunstan's character. It is clear, however, that he was ^^a man of extraordinary talents, of great energy, stem self-will, and unscrupidons purpose ; and that he exerted all his talents, energy, and unscrupn- lousness to advance the ecclesiastical power, and to subject all to papal supremacy. The grand designs of his life, viz. the complete subjugation and conform- ity of the Anglo-Saxon Church to that of Rome, and the extension and multiplication of ecclesiastical inter- ests, are not such as excite the admiration of modem times, and all discerning people will regret the success that attended the unpatriotic labors of the saint. That he tooB successftil there can be no manner of doubt. Though personally out of fiivor at court in the latter years of his life, his efforts to spread his official influ- ence were unceasing. At an early period in his career he had introduced a new order of monks into the land, the Benedictines, whose strict discipline had changed the character and condition of ecclesiastical afllairs, and in spite of the conftision and even opposition thus caused, he persevered to the end. Monasteries con- tinued to be founded or endowed in every part of the kingdom ; and such were the multitudes who devoted themselves to the cloister, that the foreboding of the wise Bede was at length accomplished — above a third of the property of the land was in possession of the Church, and exempted tram taxes and military ser- vice" (Chambers, Encydop. s. v.). See -4 eta Sancto- rum (May 19); Hume, Hist, of En^and (10th cent); Churton, Early English Church; Southey, Book of the Churchy p. 67 sq. ; Smith, ReHg. of Ancient Britain, p. 436 sq. ; Turner, Hist. Anglo-Saxons, vol. ii ; Wright, Biographia Literaria, Anglo-Saxon Period, p. 448 sq. ; Wharton, Anglia Sacra, tom. ii.