Dwight. William T., D.D., a Congregationalist minister, was a son of President Dwight, and was bom at Greenfield Hill, Conn., in 1795. He graduated at Tale College in 1818, and was distinguished for his scholarship in a class ot many able scholars. From 1817 to 1819 he was a tutor in the college, and then removed to Philadelphia, where he practiced law until 1881. In that year he was awakened under a lecture of Dr. Skinner, and, abandoning the law, he was li^ censed by the Third Presbytery of New Yorlc, and ac- cepted a call to the Third Church in Portland, Maine. His ministry of above thirty years was eminently suc- cessful. He was an overseer of Bowdoin College and president of the Mame Missionary Society. . In 1852 he was president of the Albany Convention of Congre- gational churches. "As a preacher he is entitled to a foremost rank among American divines for sound and varied learning, clear and polished diction, grace- ful and effective delivery, and eminent success." He died at Andover Oct. 22, 1865. He published a Ixfe of Sereno E. Dwighi^ wUh a SelecHon from Hie Die- oourm (1851).
Dye (Q'lK, adam\ in the phrase *' rams' skins dged red" Exod. xxv, xxvi, xxxv, ete., to he *^rud(fy" Lam. iv, 7, or ** red^" Nah. ii, 8 ; Isa. i, 8 ; Prov. xxiii, 81 ; l^pn, chameU^y brilUant in color as wine-stained garments, Isa. Ixiii, 1). The art of dyeing is undoubt- edly of great antiqni^, and is, perhaps, nearly coeval with that of weaving. The Egyptians particularly excelled in the brillUncy of their dyed stuffs; and flrom them the Hebrews, while dwelling among them, learned the art of dyeing. This is evident from the curtains of the tebemacle and the sacerdotal robes which were manufactured in the desert (Exod. xxvi, 1 ; xxviii, 5-8). The skill of the Egyptian linen-mau- ufiicturers in employing the metallic oxides and acids, or mordants, is placed beyond dispute by ocular proof. The various processes of dyeing and printing, or im- parting the pattern, by blocks (the origin of calico printing), are exhibited in Roesellini's plates in all their minute detoils; and even the printing-blocks engraved with phonetic letters, and with the dye upon them, may be seen in the British Museum. Pliny's testimony is interesting as illustrating, though not wanted to corroborate the fkct. " They dye cloth," he says, "in an extraordinaiy manner. It appears quite white before it is dipped ; they then imbue it with drugs (mordants), which do not alter its appear- ance, but which absorb and retain a new and perma^ nent color, varied according to the application of the drug." Tills is the modem process. Experimental investigation and chemical analysis have shown dem- onstratively that in the dyes which the linen and cot- ton manufacturers employed to produce certain results of which the relics are extant, they must have em- ployed acetetes of alum and of iron, and vegeteble and mineral dyes, both substantive and adjective, as they are termed by the modem dyers. It is as easy as in- vidious to ascribe these applicatfons to accident rather than to chemistry. Evidences drawn fh>m all the other arts and trades prove that the Egyptians were good chemists. The long stripes of linen which the
Hebrews worked in the desert for tkte tabosade sepatately blue, scarlet, and wfaHe (Exod. xxr^, The last was probably the effect of bfoftddng; bcl whole of tlie colors and cloth so dyed have bees ' as well as the yellow, to evince rliCTnical It appears that the linen-printen ajul djen a^i carthamut tinctorUu^ which grows in Egypt iv ? woad for blue, and Uie reseda bUeoEoj also a Bfive Egypt, for yellow. Now none of ttnae could have been effected without a joactacal ckesitf ' knowledge. The system of bleartiing now in this country, but recently introdnoed, has 1 from time immemorial in the East, and therefore, in ancient Egypt, viz. bv inuneniaa ii vsr^ genated muriate of lime, after sabjectws to the sdu of steam or boiling water. The three other csha blue, red, and yellow, are adjective ookn, L c. ft^ tive without the use of mordants. Ther codd atf » fixed, as we findthem fixed, without their pnpcr so- dants, namely. Oxides of tin, arsenic, and iroa. (>-• casionally the muslin, beantlfullj dyed and paltnid was interwoven with silver and gold thread. Mat specimens of which can be traced up to the enk ^ riod of Thothmes I, and even of Owirtaw b&k the richly-painted walls and palacea, as weO as Ae b> matched gilding, as fresh as when first laid m, ^6m a perfoct fumiliaii^ among tbQ ancieat EgrpdMi not with mineral and vegetable eokfs ealy, tat ^ perfoct use of the metallic oxidee in their lyufaiinn
The colors of the Egyptians were prindyaSr btae. red, green, black, yellow, and white. The ni mn earthy bole; the yellow an iron o<^re; the gfetam a mixture of a Itttle ochre with a pnlvenk^ ^ made by vitrefying the oxidee of copper and zras vtt sand and soda ; the blue was a glass of l&e ea^m- tion with the ochreous addition ; the black vat b«F or ivoiy black, and the white was a -rerj pore cb& They were mixed wi^ water, and apptfemhr a ^ gum, to render them tenacious and adhesive. ▼)! the Egyptians, the favorite combination of oobr ra red, blue, and green ; when Mack was mtndxoBLj*^ low was added to harmonize with it ; and ia lib osfr- ner they sought for every hue ito oongeaial ooo^nae- They also guarded against the liaise eflfect eitmei- ors in juxtepodtion, as of red and bloe, by plada^ ^ tween them a narrow line of white or yeOow. 1^ liad few mixed colors, though purple, pink, 9an^ and brown are met with, and frequentlj on p^rn. The blue, which is very brilliant, consists of fin |tf- ticles of blue glass, and may be considered eiBpan^ to our smalt ; it seenu to be the same tiiat Tilrvr» describes, which he supposes to have been finl sak at Alexandria ; and it also agrees with tlie a&oL hgamu of Theophrastus, invented in Egypt, vbi^ bt says was laid on thicker than the native (or Iqw > zuli). The thickness of the blue on the oeSap is* Belzoni's tomb confirms his remark. The gncs s also a glass in powder, mixed with paitidee qf cskv- less glass, to which it owes its brightne« (Wilkisa. Ane, Eg.^ abridgm., ii, 292).