Dwelling (ink, bsQT, "nsia^, a^aio, Tiao,
rir^, l^^Pi etc. ; jcaroJici7<nc> etc.). The dwellhig- houses of Palestine (see generally Harmer, i, 152 sq. ; Faber, Archacl. i, 865; on Egyptian architecture, Ro- »ellini, Monum. civ, ii, 878 sq.) were usually (Hanner, i, 165) built of burnt or merely dried bricks, W'A^
(Niebuhr, Trao. ii, 287 ; Pococke, Eati, ii, 178 ; Taver- nier, TVor. i, 167, 287 ; Robinson, Ret, ii, 681-687 ; iii, 514, 580), and therefore very perishable (Matt vii, 25 ; comp. Ezek. xii, 5, 7 ; xiii, 18 sq. ; Tavemier, i, 287 ; Wellated, i, 280) ; but frequently of stone (Lev. xiv, 40, 42; comp. Robinson's Ret. iii, 816, 420, 496, 720), and palaces of squared stone (1 Kings vii, 9 ; Isa. ix, 9 ; Joeephus, Ant, viii, 6, 2 ; compare Robinson, i, 854), or even of marble (123^19, \2J^, comp. 1 Chron. xxix, 2 ; Josephus, Afd, xv, 11, 8; War, v, 4, 4; of different building-stone, see the Mishna, Baba baikra, i, 1 ; the laying the foundation was an occasion of ceremony and festival, Zech. iv, 7 ; compare Ezra iii, 10 ; Job xxxviii, 7). These were held together by a cement (mortar, tdb^, Jer. xliii, 9 ; see RosenmttUer in loc.) of lime (*ia, Isa. xxvii, 9) or plaster of Paris (gypsum, ^'^^, Isa. xxxiii, 12 ; comp. Deut. xxvii, 4 ; Theoph. L(^nd, 68 sq.), perhaps also bitumen (asphaltum, "^^H, compare Gen. xi, 8 ; Faber, i, 898 sq.). The exterior (and probably also the interior over the plaster) was usually whitewashed (^&Pl, Kovia, Lev. xiv, 41 sq. ; Ezek. xiii, 10 sq. ; Dan. v,^5 ; Matt, xxiii, 27 ; Sirach, xxii, 17), bright wall-colors being used for royal resi- dences (Jer. xxii, 14). The beams (2 Chron. xxxiv, 11 ; on b'^&a, Hab. ii, 11, see Gesen. Tketaur. p. 705, and Delitzsch in loc.) were of syoomore (Isa. ix, 9), sometimes of olive-wood, sandal, or cedar (1 Kings vii, 2 sq. ; Isa. ix, 9 ; Jer. xxii, 14). Elegant mansions were adorned externally with columns (of marble. Cant. Y, 15 ; I Kings vii, 15 sq. ; 2 Kings xxv, 18 ; Faber, Archoeol. i, 414 sq.), and often whole porticoes (db^lK, ffroci, 1 Kings vii, 6; comp. Josephus, TTar, iv, 4). See Temple. The houses of the gentry (Nie- buhr, Trav, ii, 298 ; Shaw, Trav. p. 182 sq.) were of sev- eral stories (1 Kings vii, 2 sq. ; comp. Acts xx, 9 ; but see Korte, Suppl. p. 177), generally built in a quadran- gle (comp. Kampfer, Amoen. p. 194 ; Burckhardt, Trav. i, 120), and enclosing (Luke v, 19) a spacious court-yard (-iSn, 2 Sam. xvii, 18 ; Neh. viii, 16 ; comp. Esth. i, 5 ; V, 1 ; the impbmum or a^X^, Matt, xxvi, 69 ; see Har- mer, i, 177), which, surrounded by colonnades and gaU leries (Shaw, p. 853), paved (Harmer, i, 175), and con- taining fountains (2 Sam, vii, 18 ; comp. Joseph. Ant. xii, 4, 11 ; Harmer, 1, 175), baths (2 Sam. xi, 2), and trees (Harmer, i, 175), formed the guestrchamber or drawing-room for the reception of visitors (Shaw, Trav. p. 188; Faber, i, 401 ; Harmer, i, 174; comp. Esth. i, 5 sq.), being often screened frY>m the sun's rays by an awning (RosenmiUler, Morff, iii, 297). The flat roo^ covered on the top with tOes, earth, or stone, and surrounded by a low parapet, was used sometimes for household or religious purposes, at others as a place of meeting or recreation. See Roof. In connection with it (2 Kings xxiii, 12) was an upper room (Hjis, vircp^oy), which was used (comp. Niebuhr, Trav. i, 880, 400 ; Shaw, p. 188 sq.) as a private chamber (2 Sam. xviii, 88; Dan. vi, 11; Judith viii, 5); also as a spare bedroom (2 Kings xxiii, 12 ; Tobit iii, 12 ; Acts i, 18 ; xx, 8), a sleeping apartment especially for guests (2 Kings iv, 10), and as a sick-chamber (1 Kuigs xvii, 19; Joseph. Ant. xviii, 8, 2), or room for laying out a corpse (Acts ix, 87, 89), but in summer re- sorted to for fresh air (Judg. iii, 20) ; and was often ftimished with two modes of exit, one leading within the house, the other by a stair- case directly to the street. Larger residences had an additional front court (^2Cri, irpoavXiovy TTpo^pov, TTvXwv, av\fi ; Jer. xxxii, 2 ; Mark xiv, 88; Luke xvi, 20; John xviii, 16; Acts x, 17, etc.), which served as an anteroom (so
Model of a small Ancient Egyptian Houee(noMr in the British Museum), ./ J ... „ j^.^.«j •.•.Mt.h^v^ t«Ji« ::: 'oo •boving the int^ribr Court and upper Chamber. the Rabbms understand Tl^^^tJS, Judg. ui^ 28 ;
DWELLING
924
DWELLING
A modem Persian Maodon.
see Faber, p. 440), and fh)m wbicb, by means of stairs (nbpip, 2 Chron. ix, 11 ; a winding staircase, b^b, 1 Kings vi, 8), often finished witli costly wood (2 Chron. ix, 11), persons passed to the roof or upper story. A door led from the fore-conrt to the inner court, and from the latter was the entrance to the rooms on the ground floor of the house proper. These last were variously decorated with wainscoting (1 Kings vii, 7; Jer. zxii, 14; Hag. i, 4), ivory (1 Kings xxii, 39 ; Am. iii, 15 ; compare Psa. xlv, 9 ; Homer, Odyst, iv, 72 sq. ; Horace, Od, ii, 18, 1 aq. ; Pliny, xxxvi, 5 ; Harmer, i, 168 sq. ; ii, 171 sq. ; Faber, p. 899 sq. ; also with precious metals inlaid or plated, Tibull. iii, 8, 16 ; Horace, Od, ii, 18, 1 sq. ; Cicero, Par- ad, vi, 3 ; comp. 1 Cor. iii, 12), and carving (Josephus, ArU. viii, 5, 2; comp. Tavern, i, 168), since the splen- dor of Oriental houses was lavished rather upon the interior than the exterior (Pococke, East, i, 49) ; the floor was laid sometimes with a coating of gypsum, at others with tesselated blocks of variegated marble (TU bull, iii, 8, 16; Cicero, Parad. vi, 8) or other kinds of stone (Harmer, i, 172 sq. ; compare Esther i, 6). The doors (Deut. vi, 9), seldom high in private houses (Prov. xvii, 19), sometimes of stone (Burckhardt, 1, 122), swung (comp. Shaw, Trav. p. 186) on morticed pivots Cl'^S, Prov. xxvi,14 ; in sockets, ^"1^6,1 Kings vii, 60; comp. car(to/<mitr»a,Vitruv. ix, 6), and were commonly fiistened with wooden bolts (^^373, bil^Sp), which were opened (Judg. iii, 26 ; Isa. xxii, 22 ; comp. Harmer, i, 188) by means of a key OlF)fc?), but only from the inside (Cant, v, 6 ; Luke xii, 7 ; comp. Faber, p. 427). , In the better class of houses there was a door-keeper (Joseph. Ant. xvii, 5, 2) or female porter (John xviii, 16 sq. ; Acts xii, 18 ; comp. Plaut. Curcul. \, 1, 76 ; Sept. 2 Sam. iv, 6), who, in case any one knocked outside (Luke xii, 86 ; xiii, 26 ; Acts xii, 18 ; compare Matt vii, 7 ; Rev. iii, 20 ; Thilo, Apocryph. p. 218 ; see Becker, Cftaric^u, i, 280), and gave their name (Acts xii, 14 ; Rev. iii, 20 ; comp. Plutarch, (»cn. 8oc. p. 81 ; Lucian, hit. Accut. p. 29 ; Apul. Ann, i, p. 19 Bip.),