c^hn, D. Buck Koheleth, etc. (Berlin, 1770, 8vo ; 1789, 4to ; tr. with notes b_y Preston, Cambr. 1845, 8vo) ; De Poix, D' Arras, and Do Paris, L' Ecdt'si iste, etc. (Par. 1771, 12mo) ; Anon. Traduct. et Notes (Par. 1771, 8vo); Moldeuhauer, Utbers. u. Erlixut. (Lpz. 1772, 8vo); Grotius, Aduotationes (Halle, 1777, 4to) ; Kleuker, ,S'«- hmo's Schriflen (Lpz. 1777, 8vo); Zinck, Commentariiis (Augsb. 1780, 4to) ; Struensee, Uehersetzimg (Halberst. 1780, 8vo) ; Greenway, Paraphrase (Lond. 1781, 8vo) ; Van der Palm, Eccl. illustraHis (Leyd. 1784, 8vo) ; Do- dcrlein, Uebersetung (8vo, Jen. 1784, 1792); Levison, nb,°-2 rnsin (Hamb. 1784, ^vo); Schleusner, Auc- tarium. (Gotting. 1785, 4to) ; Spohn, Uebers. m. Anm. (Lpz. 1785, 8vo) ; Neunhofer, Versuch (Weissenb. 1787, 8vo) ; Anon. Paraphrase^ etc. (London, 1787, 8vo) ; Friedliinder, Ahhandlung (Berl. 1788, 8vo) ; Bode, Er- kliirende Umschreibung (Quedlinb. 1788, 8vo) ; Lowe, rbnp (Berl. 1788, 8vo) ; Gregory II, Exi)lunatio (Gr. and Lat., Ven. 1791, fol.) ; Pacchi, Pai-afrasi (Modena, 1791, 8vo) ; Zirkel, Uebers. «. ErMilr.\\\\JiX7Ai. 1792, 8vo) ; Boaretti, Valgarizz. (Ven. 1792, 8vo) ; Hodgson, TransluUoH (Lond. 1792, 8 vo) ; Schmidt, FersMc/t (Giess. 1794, 8vo); Loanz, -^S^ b".;:-2 (4to, Amst. 1G95 ; Berl. 1775); Goab, Beytnige, etc. (Tuljing. 1795, 8vo); Nacli- ti,i,'al, Koheleth (Halle, 1798, 8vo) ; Bergst, Bcarbcitung (1799, 8vo) ; Jaeobi, Predigerbuch (Celle, 1799, 8vo)"; Frankel, rbnp ■"^niS QT-i^lNa (Dessau, 1800, 8vo) ; Middeldorpf,*S;iymi(Jfc (Fr. ad V. 1811, 4to) ; Kelle, D. Salomon. Schriften(YTe.\b. 1815, 8vo) ; Katzenelnbogen, Cri'n^N r5"i3 (Wars. 1815, 4to); *Unibreit, Uebers. u. Darsttll. (Gotha, 1818, 8vo ; also his Koheleth scepti- cus de summo bono, Gott. 1820, 8vo) ; AVardlaw, Lec- tures (Lond. 1821, 2 vols. 8vo ; new ed. Lond. 1838, 2 vols. 12mo) ; Holden, Illustration (Lond. 1822, 8vo) ; Kaiser, Uebers. u. Erldut. (Erlang. 1823, 8vo) ; Heiiz, Adiimbratio (Dorpat. 1827, 4to) ; Anon. Uebers. u. Er- ldut. (Stuttg. 1827, 8vo) ; Rosenniiiller, Scholia (pt. ix. Lips. 1830, 8vo) ; Heinemann, Commentar (Berl. 1831, 8vo) ; Koster, Stroph. Uebers. (Schlesw. 1831, 8vo) ; Ewald, Koheleth (in his Poet. Biicher, iv) ; *Knobel, Commentar (Lpz. 183G, 8vo); Auerbach, Thtlp "^SO, etc. (Bresl. 1837, 8vo) ; *Herzfeld, Uebers. u. Erldut. (Braunschw. 1838, 8vo) ; Noyes, Notes (Bost. 1846 [Sd ed. 18G7], 12mo) ; Barham, Eccledastes (in his Bible revised, i) ; *Hitzig, Erlddrung (in the Kia'Zgef. Exeg. JIandb., Lpz. 1847, 8vo) ; Hamilton, Lectui-es (Lond. 1851, 12mo) ; *Stuart, Commentary (N. Y. 1851 ; Ando- ver, 18()2, 12mo); Elster, Commentar (Gotting. 1855, 8vo) ; IMorgan, Metrical Paraphrase (Lond. 1856, 4t()) ; Macdonald, E.iplanafion (N. Y. 1856, 8vo) ; "Weiss, Ex- IMsitlon (Lond. 1856, 12mo) ; Plungian, nb"?'rb n"^2 (Wilna, 1857, 8vo) ; Wangenheim, Aus'egzaig (Berlin, 1858, 8vo); *Vaihinger, Uebersetz. u. Er'klur. (.Stiittg. 1858, 8vo ; his art. on the subject in the Stud. u. Krit. 1848, was translated in the Metli. Quart. Review, April and July, 1849); Rosenthal, nbrt'p P^a-?, etc. (Prague, 1858, 8vo) ; Buchanan, Commentary (Glasg. 1859, 8vo) ; Bridges, Expositinn (London, 1859, 8vo) ; *Hengsten- berg, Ansltginig (Berl. 1859, 8vo ; tr. in Clarke's JA- brary, Edinh. 1860, 8vo ; also Phila. 1860, 8vo) ; Halm, Commentar (Lpz. 1860, 8vo) ; Bohl, De Araismis Kohe- leth (Erlang. 1860, 8vo) ; *Ginsburg, Coheleth transla- ted icith a Commentary (Lond. 1861, 8vo) ; Diedrich, Erlrmtcrimg (Neu-Rup. 1865, 8vo) ; Castelli, Tradotto e note (Pisa, 1866, 8vo); Young, Commentary (Phila. 186(1, 8vo). Others are emliraced in tlie Rabbinical Bibles of Bomberg and Moses Frankfurter (q. v.). For those in general commentaries, see Commentary.
Ecclesiastic, Ecclesiastical, of or belonging to the Church (ecclesia). In later times the word ec- clesiastic came to be applied solel}' to clergj-men as a name, and ecclesiastical is often confined in use, im- properly, to the affairs of the clergy. In the earh' Chui'ch, Christians in general are spoken of by this
title, in opposition to Jews, infidels, and heretics. The word means men of the Church, and was applied to Christians as being neither of Jewish synagogues, nor heathen temples, nor heretical conventicles, but mem- bers of the Church of Christ; e. g. avc^tq tKKXjjmaT- TiKoi, Eusebius, iv, 7, cited by Bingham, 07ig. Kecks. bk. i, ch. i, § 8.
Ecclesiastical History is that branch of his- torical tiieology (q.v.) which treats of the development of the kingdom of God among men on the earth by means of the Church.
I. Idea and Scope of Ecclesiastical History, — The ti- tle Ecclesiastical History {Historia Ecclesiasticd) was used by all the older writers on this branch of science. German writers began the use, in its stead, of the title Church History (Kirchengeschichte), which has of late been adopted also by most English writers. Its idea and limits depend on the idea which is formed of the Church (ecclesia'). See Chikch.
1. If the Church be regarded as a divine institution, existing in all the ages before Christ as well as since, then the field of Church history reaches from the be- ginnings of the history of the first divine covenant with man down to tlie ])rosent time. It would then be di- vided into Biblical Church History and Ecclesiastical History, or simply Church History. Biblical Church history, again, could be divided into O. T. and N. T. The entire field of Church history, in its widest sense, would thus be, I. Old-Testament Church historj'. II. New-Testament Chui'ch History, including (1) the life of Christ ; (2) the planting of Christianity by the apos- tles. III. Ecclesiastical historj', beginning at the close of the canon, and extending to the present time (see Alexander, Notes on N.-T. Literatui'e and Ecclesi- astical History, N. Y. 1867, p. 156 sq. ; Stanley, Eastern Church. Introduction).