Among the Englisli works we mention Slilner (t ViTi), History of the Ch. of Christ to the 16th cen- tury (revised edit. I)y Crantham, Lnnd. 18-17, 4 vols. 8vo). It has been continued by Dr. Stebbing, The I/ist.ofthe Church ofChnstfrom 1530 to the Eighteenth Centurij (Loudon, 1839 sq.,3 vols. 8vo), and a further continuation \iy Haweis (I'^dinb. 1834, 8vo) ; Wadding- ton, Ilistorij of the Church from the earliest Ages to the Refoi-miilioii (Lond. 2d edit. 3 vols. 8vo), and JIvst. of the Reform, on the Continent (Lond. 1841, 3 vols. 8vo), is neither accurate nor ])rofound ; Foulkes, Mnnnal of Ecclesiastical Hist. (1851, to^tlie 12th cent.); Kobert- son, Hist, of the Church (Loud. 2 vols. 18.54-56, 8vo) to 1122; Milman, Hist, of Christianity (Lond. 1840, 3 vols.
8vo, reprinted in New York), and Hist, of Latin Chris- tianity (Lond. 1854 sq. 6 vols, to Nicholas V ; 4tii ed. in 9 vols. 1867, reprinted in New York), an elaborate and at tlie same time brilliant work ; Hardwick, Hist, of the Christ. Churchy vol. i Middle Age, vol. ii Ref- ormation (Cambridge, 1853 and 1856, 8vo), an admira- ble manual, but left unfinished by the sudden death of the author; Hinds, Jeremie, and others. Church History, in tlie Encyclopcedia Metropolilana, and in a separate edition (Lond. 1850-58,4 vols. 8vo) ; Killcn, The Ancient Church (Belfast and New York, 1859, 8vo), an able work from the Presbyterian stand-point. The best works produced in this field in America are those by Prof. Schaff (f/ist. of the Apostolic Age, New York, 1853, 8vo, and Hist, oftlm Christian Ch. vol. i to A.D. 311, New York, 1859, vols, ii and iii to Gregoiy the Great, New York, 1867. They have also appeared in a German edition, Geschichte der christl. Kirche, vol. i, Mercersburg, 1851, and Leipzic, 1854 ; vols, ii and iii, Leipz. 1867). They are distinguished by copiousness of material, philosophical arrangement, and attractive style. A brief work on the history of the Cliristian Church has been published by Dr. C. M. Butler (Phila, 1868). In Protestant France a luminous sketch of Church history was written by J, Matter {Hist. Uni- verselle de V Eglise Chretienne), Strasburg, 1829, 2 vols.; 2d edit. Paris, 1838, 4 vols.).
In addition to the above works, which (unless the contrary is specially mentioned) emlvrace the whole history of the Christian Church, there is a very co- pious literature on special periods. The works treat- ing of the primitive Church have been given in the i article on the Apostolic Age. An able work on i the history of the first three centuries has been pub- [ lished 1))' Ed. de Pressense {Histoire des trois pre- , miers si<;cles, Paris, 1858, 2 vols.) ; also handbooks of i modern ("hurch history, by Dr. Nippold (Ellierfeld, i 1S67) and Hagenbach (1865). For the ample litera- i ture on the period of the Keformation, see the arti- j cle Keformation. The literature on branches of j ecclesiastical history, such as history of heresies, i councils, particular religious denominations, popes, ! saints, countries, nionasticism, crusades, etc., and that I on prominent men of Church history, is given in the I special articles treating of those sulijects. Tcdjh's of Church history, presenting in i)arallel columns the va- rious departments of history, have been compiled in Germany by Vater (Halle, 6th ed. 1833), Danz (Jena, 1838), Lange (Jena, 1841), Douay (Leipzic, 1841), Uhle- mann (to the Reformation, 2d edit. Berlin, 1865) ; in England, liy Riddle {Ecclesiastical Chronology, London, 1840) ; in America, liy H. B. Smith {flist. of the Ch. of Christ in chronol. Tables, New York, 1859'), which work has considerably improved the jdan of all its predeces- sors, and, in fiict, is the most tliorough and complete work of the kind extant. Special dictionaries of Church history were compiled by W. D. Fuhrinann {IJandworterbuch der christl. ReJigions-n. Kirchengesch. Halle, 1826-29, 3 vols.) and Neudecker {Allgem. Lex. der Religions-u. christl. Kirchengesch. 'Wehuar, 1834-37, 5 vols.). Periodicals specially devoted to ecclesiasti- cal histor}' have been published by Stiiudlin. Tzschir- ner, and Vater {Magazinfiir Religions-u. Kirchengesch., by Stiiudlin, 4 vols. Hanover, 1^02-5; Archiv fi'ir alte u. neue Kirchengesch. by Stiiudlin u. Tzschirner, 1813- 1822, 5 vols. ; Kirchenhist. A rchiv, by Stiiudlin, Tzschir- ner, u.Vatcr, 4 vols. Hallo, 1823-26) ; by lllgen, Nied- ner, and Kahnis {Zeitschrift fur hist. Tholngie, Leipz. 1832-1868 ; established by'll'lgcn : since 1845, by Nied- ner; since 1867, bj' Kahnis); by Kist and Roj'aards {Archief voor Kerkelijke Geschidenis, Leyden, 1829 sq.). See Uer7.(yj:,Real-EncyJdop. vii, 622; Hagenbach, The- ol. Encykhp. ]i. 212 sq. ; Wetzer u. ^\'elte. Kirchen-Lex. vi, 130 ; Chj^islian Remembrancer, xliii, 62 ; .Tortin, Re- marks on Ecclesiastical History ; Prince/on Rev. xxvi, 300 ; xxix, 63(i ; Stanley, Eastern Church {Introduction on the Study of Church History) ; Dowliug, Introduction
ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY 39 ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY
to the Critical SUidij of Ecclesiastical History attempted in an Account of the Progress, and a short Notice of the Sources, of the History of the Church (Lond. 1838, 8vo).
Ecclesiastical Polity denotes the principles and laws of Cliurch government. Personal religion is a matter between the individual man and his Maker. But religion necessarily involves social relations ; that is to say, it involves society ; and no societj' of men can exist without government. Trne, there can be no compulsion in religion ; but government is not incon- sistent with freedom ; nay, it is necessary to all true enjoj^ment of freedom in any society, religious or other. The "two conditions essential to a good relig- ious government are, first, a good system for the for- mation and organization of authority' ; and, second, a good system of security for liberty" (Guizot, Histoi'y of Civilizrition, N. Y. 12mo, p. 121). So Richard Wat- son : " The Church of Christ being visible and perma- nent, bound to observe certain rites and to obey cer- tain rules, the existence of government in it is neces- sarily supposed."