Rohrbacher's Histoire Universelle de I'Eglise (Par. 1842 -48, vol. 29, 8vo; a continuation containing the Church history from 18G0-18CG, by J. Chantrel, Corbeil, 1867) is written from an ultramontane stand-point, and has not made sufficient use of the recent investigations. The best Roman Catholic manuals of Church historv are those of Dollinger {Gesch. d. christl. Kiixhe, vol. i, parts 1 and 2, Landshut, 1833-35 ; Lehrbuch d.Kirchrn- gesch. vol. i, and part 1 of vol. ii, up to the Reformation, Ratisbon, 1836 sq. ; 2d edit. 1843 ; Kirchengeschichle, vol. i, part 1, Ileidenthum u. Jiidenthum, Ratisbcfn,1857; part 2, Christenthum u. Kirche in dtr Zeit ihrer Grundle- gung, 1860), Ritter (Handbuch d. Kirchengesch. Bonn, 1826-35, 3 vols. ; 6th edit., 1856, 2 vols.), and especial- h' Alzog {Universal geschichte der christlichen Kirche, Mainz, 1843, 8vo; 8th edit. 2 vols., 1867-G8). Post- humous lectures on Church historj' by Dr. Mohler (died 1838), the greatest Roman Catholic theologian of Germany in the 19th century, were published thirtj^ years after his death by Dr. Gams (Kirchengeschichle, 3 vols. Ratisbon, 1868). (5.) Protestant Wiiters. The first comprehensive Church history from the Pro- testant stand-point was compiled hy Mathias Flaeius (f 1575), surnamed Illj'ricus {Ecclesiastica Historia No- vi Testamenti, usually called Centurin Magdeburgenses, Basil, 1559-74, fol.), assisted by ten other theologians. It followed the centurial arrangement, and treated of 13 centuries in as many folio volumes. It remained long the standard work of the Lutheran Church, though it is to a certain extent partial and often uncritical (see Centuries). Ilottinger (f 1667) published a similar work (from the stand-point of the Swiss Re- formed Church), Ilisloria Ecclesiastica N. Testamenti (Zurich, 1655-67, 9 vols.) extending to the 16th cen- tury, but it is inferior to that of Flaeius. A thorough refutation of Baronius was furnished by Spanheim {Summa Historke Ecclesiastica', Lugd. Bat. 1G89, 4to). An attempt to free Church history from the fetters of confessionalism was made by J. G. Arnold (in his Un- pai'teiische Kirch.-und Ketzerhistorie, 1698-1700, 4 vols., to 1688), which, however, was often unjust towards the predominant churches through partiality towards the sects. Objective Church historj' was greatly advanced by Mosheim (f 1755), a moderate and impartial Luther- an. His Institutioncs histories ecclesiastica; antiqtue et recenlinris (Helmstadt, 1755, 4to) is, in the English translation of Murdock (N. Y., 1841, 3 vols., 3d edit.) and McLaine, a favorite text-book in England and America to the present da}'. Of the two, Murdock's is far the best. The work of Schrockh, Christliche Kir- chengeschichte (45 vols., to the end of the 18th century, Leipzic, 1768-1812 ; the last 2 vols, are by Tzschirner), though leaning towards Rationalism, is very valuable for reference. The principal representative of Ration- alism among Church historians is Henke, AUgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Kirche (Braunschweig, 1788- 1823, 9 vols. 8vo, continued by Vater). The work of Gieseler (f 1854), Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichle (Bonn, 1824-1857) gives the history as much as possible in the very words of the sources. It is profoundly learn- ed and impartial, but cold and dry. The best English translation of it is by Prof. H. B. Smith (New York, 1857 sq.). Neander (f 1850) is generally considered as the father of modern Church history. His aim was to represent Church history as a continuous proof of the divine power of Christianity, and it is therefore promi- nently the inner side of ecclesiastical events and their religious signification which lie unfolds. His AUge- meine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche (Hamburg, 1825-52, 11 vols. 8vo, extending to the council of Basle) has been translated into English ly Torrey (Boston, 1847-51, 5 vols. 8vo). Besides these larger works, Germany has produced a great number of excellent manuals. The most important of these are those of Niedner (1846, new ed. 1866), distinguish- ed for fulness and thought; of Hase (9th edit. 1867, translated by Blumenthal and Wing, New York, 1855j
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY 38 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY
8vo), distinguislicd for copiousness combined with con- ciseness ; and Guerickc (1.1th edit. 18G7, translated by Sliedd, vol. i, 1857), who wrote the best historical work from the old Lutheran stand-point. More a sketch than a manual of Church history is the Kirc/iem/e- schirhte of Schleiermaclier, published after his death by BonncU (Berlin, 1810, 8vo). The manual of En^el- hurdt, of Erlangen {/fdiulb. d. Kirchengeschichte^ Erlan- gen, 1832-3-t, -1 vols.), is an unpretending; but valuable ai'rangcment of the subject, as derived from the sources. Tlie manual of Fricke, left incomplete {Le/u-buch dcr Kirchengesckichte, Leipz. 1850, 1 vol.), learned but stiff, is a production of the school of Schleierniacher. In Gfrorer's w-ork on ecclesiastical history (Al'ffemeine Kirchengeschichie, 4 vols. Stuttgardt, 1841— IG to 1305, Christianity is treated as the natural product of the time in which it originated. Clerical selfishness, polit- ical calculations and intrigues, appear the sole princi- ples of ecclesiastical movements which this author can appreciate or discover. Still, the work is of importance ; and those volumes especially which detail the history of the Middle Ages give evidence of original study, and contain much fresh information. The manual of Ja- cobi, a pupil of Neander (Lihrb. der Kirchengescldchte, Berlin, 1850, 1 vol., not completed), breathes the same spirit as that of his teacher. Its tone is elevated ; nor is the author content merely to imitate Neander. The prelections of Hagenliach {Die chrisil. Kirche der 3 er- steii Jakrkiinaerte, 2 vols. Leipz. 1853-55 ; D. christl. K. rom 7'"' b'lS zuni 15'"' Jahi-kundert, Leipz. 18G0-61), originally delivered to an educated audience, are some- what diffuse, but clear and attractive. They breathe throu.jhout a warm Christian spirit, nor is the judg- ment of the lecturer warped by narrow sectarian preju- dices. The works by J. A. Kurtz (^Lehrbuch der Kir- cke/if/eschichfe, Mitau, 1842, 5th ed. 1863; Engl, transl. in 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1860; Hundbuch der allr/em. Kirckenrjesch. vol. i in 3 parts, JMitau, 1853-54, vol. ii, pt. 1, 1856) belong among the best productions of the Lutheran school. To the same school l)elong the manuals of W. B. Lindner (Lekrbuch der christl. Kir- chenrjeschichte^ Leipz. 1847-54) and H. Schniid {Lehrb. der Kirchengeschkhte, Nordlingcn, 1851). The man- ual of El)rard (^llandbuch der christl. K.-ii. Dogmen- gesck. Erlangen, 1865-(;6, 4 vols.) is written from the stand-point of the United Evangelical Church, as is also the work of Prof. F. A. Hasse {Kirchengesch. Leipz. 1864-65, 3 vols.), published after the author's death by A. Kohler. The works published bj' F. C. Baur, the founder of the Tiibingen school on the Church history of the first six centuries (Das Christenthum u. d. christl. K. der drei ersten Jtdirh. Tiilj. 1853, od ed. 1863, and Die christl. K. des -id Juhrh. Tiib. 1859, 2d ed. 1863), were after his death completed, so as to form a con- tinuous and complete Church history, by the publica- tion of three volumes, treating severallj' of the Church history of the Middle Ages, of the time from the Kef- ormation to tlie end of the 18th centur)', and of the IDth century. The fiMc volumes appeared together, under the title fieschivhte d. christ. Kirche (Tubingen, 1863-64, 5 vols.). A Church history in biographies was jiublislied l)y F. Boliringer {Die Kirche Christi und ihre Zeugen, Zurich, 1842-58).