the stadium, once the crowded scene of their diver- sions ; and some in the abrupt precipice, in the sepul- chres which received their ashes. Such are the pres- ent citizens of Ephesus, and such is the conditiun to which that renowned city has been reduced. It was a ruinous place when the emperor Justinian filled Con- stantinople with its statues, and raised the church of St. Sophia on its columns. Its streets are obscured and overgrown. A herd of goats Avas driven to it for shelter from the sun at noon, and a noisy flight of crows from the quarries seemed to insult its silence. We heard the partridge call in the area of the theatre and of the stadium. The pomp of its heathen worship is no longer remembered ; and Christianity, which was then nursed by apostles, and fostered by general coun- cils, barely lingers on, in an existence hardly visilde." However much the Church at Ephesus may (Kev. ii, 2), in its earliest da}s, have merited praise for its "works, labor, and patience," yet it appears soon to have "left its first love," and to have received in vain the admonition — "Remember, therefore, from whence thou art fallen, and repent and do the first works ; or else I will come unto thee quickl}', and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent." If any repentance was produced by this solemn warn- ing, its effects were not durable, and the place has long since offered an evidence of the truth of prophecy, and the certainty of the divine threatenings, as well as a melancholy subject for thought to the contemplative Christian. Its fate is that of the once - flourishing seven churches of Asia : its fate is that of the entire country — a garden has become a desert. Busy cen- tres of civilization, spots where the refinements and delights of the age were collected, are now a yrey to silence, destruction, and death. Consecrated first of all to the purposes of idolatry, Ephesus next had Chris- tian temples almost rivalling the pagan in splendor, wherein the image of the great Diana lay prostrate be- fore the cross; and, after the lapse of some centuries, Jesus gave place to Mohammed, and the crescent glit- tered on the dome of the recently Christian church. A few more scores of years, and Ephesus had neither temple, cross, crescent, nor city, but was "a desolation, a dry land, and a wilderness." Even the sea has re- tired from the scene of devastation, and a pestilential morass, covered with mud and rushes, has succeeded to the waters which brought up ships laden with mer- chandise from every part of the known world. (See Herod, i, 26 ; ii, 148 ; Livy, i, 45 ; Pausanias, vii, 2, 4 ; Philo Byz. de 7 Orh. Ilii-ac. ; Creuzer, Symbol, ii, 13 ; Hassel, Erdbeschr. ii, 132.) — Smith, s. v. ; Kitto, s. v. ; Fairbairn, s. v.
7. Literature. — The site of ancient Ephesus has been visited and examined l)y many travellers during the last 200 years, and descrijitions, more or less copi- ous, have been given by Pococke, Tournefort, Spon and Wheler, Chandler, Poujoulat, Prokesch, Beaujour, Schubert, Arundell (Sereii Churches, Lond. 1828, p. 2C), Fellov.s {Asia Minor, Lond. 1839, p. 274), and Hamil- ton. The fullest accounts are, among the older trav- ellers, in Chandler {Travels, Oxford, 1775, p. 131), and , among the more recent, in Hamilton {Researclies,'Lo\\^, 1842, ii, 22). Some views are given in the second vol- ume of the Ionian Aniirpntles, published by the Dilet- tanti Society. Leake, in his Asia Minor (Lond. 1824, p. 258, 346), has a discussion on the dimensions and style of the temple. In Kiepert's Hellas is a niaji, more or less conjectural, the substance of which will be found in Smith's Dirt, of Class. Geofj. s. v. Ephesus. The latest and most comi)lete work is Falkener's EphC' sus and the Temple of Diana (London. 1802, 8vo). A railway now renders Ephesus accessible from Smyrna (Pressense, Land of Cospel, p. 215). To the works above referred to must be added Perry. De rebus Ephe- sionim ((iott. 1837), a slight sketch: G\\h\. Ephesiaca (Berl. 184.3), a very elaborate work, although his plans are mostly from Kiepert; Hemsen's Paulus (Gott.
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1830), which contains a good chapter on Ephesus ; Biscoe, On the Acts (Oxf. 1820), p. 27-J:-285 ; jMr. Aker- nian's paper on the Coins of Ephesus in the Trans, (f the Nu7nismailc Soc. 1841 ; Gronovius, Antiq. Grace, vii, 387-401 ; and an article by Ampere in the Rtv. des Deux Mondes for Jan. 1842. Other monographs are Anon. Acta Panli cum Ephesus (Hehiist. 17C8); /Epi- nus, De diiplid bapt. discip. Ejihesinor. (Altorf, 1719) ; Benner, J)e bapt. Kphedoriim in nomen Chnsti (Giess. 1733); Bircherode.Z*' ciiltu Diance Epiies. (Hafn. 1723); Conrad, Acta Puull Ephes. (Jena, 1710) ; Deyling, De iumultu a Dsmetrio (in liis Ohss. sacr. iii, 3G2 sq.) ; Le- dei-lin, De templis Dianm Ephesiorum (Argent. 1714) ; Schurzfleish, De Uteris Ephesior. (Vitcb. 1698) ; Siber, De Ticoiioyia Ephesiorum (Viteb. 1G85) ; Wallen, Acta Panli Ephes. (Gryph. 1783) ; Stickel, D? Ephesiis Uteris linguce Semiiicm vindicandls (Jen. 18G0). See Ephe- siANS, Epistle to.