The Pauline epistles all had their particular directions, while tlie letters of Peter, James, 1 John, and Jude were circular epistles. The epistles 2 and 3 John were subsequently added, and included on account of their shortness, and to this collection was given the name Catholic Letters, in contradistinction to the rauline, which were addressed to particular churches or indi- viduals.— Kitto, s. V. The dates of nearly all of them are later than those of Paul, but their precise time is uncertain. See each in its order; also under Acts (of the Apostles).
3. Literature. — Besides the general Introductions (q. V.) to the N. T., or parts of it, and the Prolegomena in most modern commentaries on each epistle, there is a wide range of general discussion relating to them which cannot here be profitaVdy reviewed : special treatises onlj' can be enumerated, and even these not exhaust- ively. On the autofiiaph letters there are mono- graphs in Latin by Rathlef (Hannov. 1752) and Stosch (Guelf. 1751) ; on ecclesiastical letters in general, and their various descriptions, by Berg (Jen. 1G6G), Bencini (Taurin. 1730), Brondlev (Hafn. 1711-1712), Friderici (Gotha, 1754), Kiessling (Lips. 1744), INIiiller (Stad. 1682), Pezold (Lips. 1698), Schmid (Helmst. 1713), Spies (Altorf. 1745); also Dodwell {Dissert. Cijprian. Oxon. 1684, p. 17 sq.), Cassabritius {Notit. Condi. Lugd. 1670, p. 275 sq.) ; introductory in general, by Braun {Selecta Sancta, p. 1-162), Kleuker (German, Hamb. 1799), Kohlcr (Germ. Lpz. 1830) ; and of the catholic epistles specially, by Storr (Tub. 1789), Tiegler (Rost, 1807), Stiiudler'cGott. 1790).
Special Commentaries on all the epistles of the N. T. are the following, of which the most important are denoted by an asterisk (*) prefixed : Cassiodorus, Complexiones (ed. Chandler, Lond. 1722, 12mo); Card. Cajeten, Emirratio (Yen. 1531, Par. 1532, 1537, 1546, Antw. IGll, fol. ; Paris, 1540, Lugd. 1556, 1558, Paris, Par. 1571, 8vo; also in 0pp. x); Titelmann, Elucida- iio (Antw. 1532, 1543, 8vo ; Par. 1553, Ant. 1540, Von. 1547, Lugd. 1553, 12ir.o); Bullinger, Commentarii (Ti- gur. 1537, 1549, 1558, 1582, 1588, 1603, fol.); Pellican, Commentarii (Tigurini, 1539, fol.) ; GagnsBus, Scholia (Par. 1543, 1547, 1550, 15G3, 1G29, 1633, 8vo); Politus (or Catharinus), Commentarius (Rom. 1546, Yen. 1551, Par. 1566, fol.) ; *Calvin, Commentarii (Geneva, 1551, fol.); BuonricciJ Parafrasi (Yen. 1565, 4to) ; Beza, Exjilicatio (Genev. 1565, 1570, 8vo) ; Hemming, Com- mentarius (Lips. 1572, Vitemb. 157G, Frcft. 1579, Ar- gent. 1589, fol.) ; Arias iMontanus, Elucidations (Antw. 1588, 8vo); Gualther, Jloniiliv (Tigurini, 1599, fol.); Er3lhrophilus, Ausleymiff (Gosl. IGOo, sq., 4 vols. 4to); *Lubin, Exercitationes [on nearly all the epistles] (Rost. 1610, 4to) ; *Este, Commentarius (Duoci, 1614- 6, Colon. 1631, Paris, 1633, 1G40, 1653, 1659, 1666, 1679, fol.); Yorstius, Commentary [on most of the epistles] (Amst. and He der. 1G31, 4to) ; Fabricius, Analysis (in Catena, Lips. 1G34, 1639, fol.) ; Gomarus, ExplicaHo (in 0pp. 1644, fol.); *Dickson, Commentarius {G\asg. 1645, 4to ; in English, Lond. 1G59, fol.) ; Trapp, Commentary (Lond. 1647, 4to) ; Godeau, Paraphrases (Par. 1651, 6 vols., Rouen, 1657, Lyons, 1685, 3 vols. 12mo); Fro- mond, Commentarius (Lovan. 1653, Paris, 1G74, fol.) ; Anon. Verklaring (Amst. 1679, 4to) ; *Whitby, Com- mentary (London, 1700, fol., and since with others); Hunn, Commentarii (Yitemb. 1707, fol.) ; Noel Alex- ander, Commentarius (Rothni. 1710, 2 vols, fol.) ; Pyle, Paraphrase (London, 1725, 8vo); *Lang, Erkllirung (Halle, 1729, fol.) ; Locke, Pierce, and Benson, Para- phrase (published separately, London, 1733-52, 3 vols. 4to ; upon the same plan, and together forming a com- mentary on all the epistles) ; Dale, A nnlysis (London, 1737, 2 vols. 8vo); Weitcnauer, Exp'icatio, etc. (Aug. Yind. 1769, 8vo) ; Hess, Schr. der Apnstel (Ziir. 1775, 1820 sq., 3 vols. 8vo) ; Leutwein, Erklarung (Leipzig, 1782-9, 3 vols. 8yo) ; Nisbit, Illustration (Lond. 1787, 1789; in Germ., Ntirnb. 1790, 8vo); 'QahvAt, Erhlarung (Berlin, 1787-9, 3 vols. 8vo) ; Przipcovius, CogitatiorKS
EPISTLES
EPISTLES
(in 0pp. Amst. 1792, fol., xxsvi) ; Jaspis, Annotationes (Lips. 17'Jo 7, oiilargeil, 18-_>1, 2 vols. 8vo); Kiister, Anmtrhnigen (Cliemn. 17'J4, Bcrl. 1803, 8vo); *Mac- kniglit, Commentary (London, 1795, 4 vols. 4to ; 180G, 1810, 8 vols. 8vo ; without the Greek text, 1795, 3 vols. 4to ; 1809, 181G, 4 vols. 8vo ; 1832, 1 vol. 8vo) ; Eob- erts, Harmony (Cambr. 1800, 4to) ; Shuttleworth, Par- aphrase (Oxf. 1829, 8vo); Slade, Annotations (4th ed. London, 183(3, 8vo) ; Schotl and Winzer, Commentar (Lpz. 1834 sq., 2 vols. 8vo); Bailee, Version (London, 1837, 8vo); I'eilo, Annotations (Lond. 1848-52, 4 vols. 8vo); *l'richard. Commentary (Lond. 1864 sq., 3 vols. 8vo have appeared). See I^ew Testament.
On the M hole of the Pauline epistles alone, the fol- lowing: Oxi'^an, Frarjmenta (\n 0/ji;j. iv, G90) ; Anibro- siaster, Commentarius (in 0pp. ii, 15); Chrysostom, Uomiliie (in 0]:p.)\ Pelagius, Commentarii [on the first 13 epistles] (in Augustini 0pp. Append.) ; Theodoret, Commentaiius (London, 163G, foL ; also in 0pp. Ill, i; and Bibl. Pair. [Oxf. 8vo] viii) ; Avitus, Fragmenta (in Bibl. Max. Patr. ix, etc.) ; Primasius, Commenta- rta (ib. x, 142) ; Bede, Exposiiio (in 0pp. vi, 31) ; St. John Damascenus, Excerpta [from Clnysostoni] (in Opq). ii, 1); Claudius Taurinensis, Prologus (in Mai, Script. Vet.\\\, i, 274); Sedulius, In epp. P. (Basil, 1528; also in Bibl. Max. Patr.x'i, 458); CEcumenius, Jn e2)p. P. (Gr. and Lat. Ver. 1532, Paris, 1631, 2 vols, fol. ; also in 0pp.) ; Lanfranc, Commentarii (in Oj^j). ; also in Bibl. Max. Patr. xviii, G21) ; Eaban jMaurus, Commentarii (in 0pp.) ; Remigius Autiss. [Haimo] Explanaiiones (Co\. 1618, fol. ; also in Bill. Max. Patr. viii, 883); Theophylaet, Commentarius (Gr. and Latin, Lond. 1636, fol. ; also in Opip. ii) ; Anselm, Commenta- ria (in Opp. od. 1612) ; Hugo h St. Victor, Quastiones (in Opp. i, 266) ; Aquinas, Expositio (Basil, 1475 ; Lugd. 1689, fol.; also in C/)/). vi, vii) ; Bruno, Commentarius (Paris, 1509, fol.) ; Dionj'sius Carthus., Commentaria (Paris, 1531, 8vo) ; Peter the Lombard, Collectanea [from the fathers] (Paris, 1535, fol. ; 1537, 1541, 1543,