3. See, for a general account of the Euphrates, colo- nel Chesney's Euphrates Expedition, vol. i ; and, for the lower course of the stream, compare Loftus's Chaldaea and Susiana. See also Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. i. Essay ix; and Layard's Ni?ievck and Babylon, chaps. xxi and xxii ; "Wahl's Asien, p. 700 ; lUtter's Erdk. ii, 120 ; Traile Element. Geofjrapkique (Bruxelles, 1832), vol. ii ; Jlannert's Geocjr. ii, 142 ; Reichard's Kl. Geogr. Schrif. p. 210; Parliam. Jiep. of Steam Navigation to India (1834) ; M'CuUoch's Gcograph. Diet. s. v. ; Ains- ■worth's Travels in Asia ]\/inor, etc. (1842) ; Ker Por- ter, Travels, ii, 403; Forbiger, Alte Geogi-aphie, ii, 69 sq. ; Ilosenmuller, Alterth. I, i, 188 sq. — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. V. See Babylon.
Euphrates, bishop of Cologne, was the successor of bisliop Maternus. He was present at the Synod of Sardica in 347, and was sent by the bishops of that synod ■with recommendatoiy letters from the emperor Constance to the emperor Constantius to obtain the recall of the exiled catholic bishops. The report that a synod held at Cologne in 34G deposed Euphrates for not believing in the divinity of Christ is now general- ly regarded as spurious. The acts of this pretended synod were probablj' compiled in the eighth centurj', and arc from beginning to end a forgery. — Wetzer und M'cltp, Kirchen-Lexik. xii, 241 ; Rcttlicrg, Kirchen-Ge- schichte Deidschlands, vol. i. (A. J. S.)
Eupol'emus (Ev7r6\ifiO(:, good »'» w''"? a frequent
Greek name), the " son of John, the son of Accos' (q. v.), one of the envoys sent to Home l\y Judas Macca- baaus, B.C. cir. IGl, to negotiate an alliance with the Romans (1 Mace, viii, 17; Josephus, ^w^ xii, 10, 6). He has been identified (Euseb. Prap. Ev. ix, 17 sq.) with the historian of the same name (Josephus, Apion, i, 23), who wrote several works on the aftairs of the Jews (Kuhlmey, Eupolemi fragmenta, Berlin, 1840, 8vo) ; but it is by no means clear that the historian was of Jewish descent (yet comp. Jerome, de Vir. Illustr. 38). His father, John (q. v.), is spoken of as having procured special privileges for the Jews from the Syri- an kings (2 ISIacc. iv, 11).
Euroc'lydon (EvpoK\v^(ji}7',q. d. south-east billow'), the name given (Acts xxvii, 14) to the gale of wind in the Adriatic Gulf, which off the south coast of Crete seized the ship in which Paul was ultimately wrecked on the coast of Malta. See Shipwreck of Paul. The circumstances of this gale are described with much particularity, and they admit abundant illustra- tion from the experience of modern seamen in the Le- vant. In the first place it came down from the island (/car' avrric), and therefore must have blown more or less from the northward, since the ship was sailing along the south coast, not far from Mount Ida, and on the way from Fair-Havens towards Phoenice. So Captain Spratt, after leaving Fair-Havens with a light southerlj' wind, fell in with " a strong northerly breeze blowing direct from Mount Ida" (Smith, Voyage and Shijnrreek of St. Paid, 1856, p. 97, 245). Kext, the wind is described as being like a typhoon (mod. fiiffone, i. e. "striker") or whirlwind (rvcpwviicuc, A.V . '"tem- pestuous;" comp. TV({ii.ov,Aristot. Meteor. 1; De Mundo, iv, 18) ; and the same authority speaks of such gales in the Levant as being generally "accompanied by terrific gusts and squalls from those high mountains" (Conybeare, Life and Epistles oj" St. Paul, 185G, ii, 401). It is also observable that the change of wind in the voj'age before us (xxvii, 13, 14) is exactly what might have been expected ; for Captain J. Stewart observes, in his remarks on the Archipelago, that "it is always safe to anchor under the lee of an island with a north- erly wind, as it dies avvaj' gradually, but it would be extremely dangerous with southerh' winds, as they almost invariably shift to a violent northerly wind" (Purdy's Sailing Directory, pt. ii, p. 61). The long dura- tion of the gale ("the fourteenth night," ver. 27), the overclouded state of the sk}' ("neither sun nor stars ap- pearing," ver. 20), and even the heavy rain which con- cluded the storm {rhi/ vtrov, xxviii, 2), could easil_y be matched with parallel instances in modern times (see Smith, Voyage and Shiincreclc, p. 144 ; Conybeare, Life and Epp. ii, 412). "We have seen that the wind was more or less northerly. The context gives us full ma- terials for determining its direction Avith great exacti- tude. The vessel was driven from the coast of Crete to Clauda (xxvii, 16), and apprehension was felt that she would be driven into the African Sj'rtis (v. 17). Combining these two circumstances with the fact that she was less than half way from Fair-Havens to Phoe- nice when the storm began (v. 14), we come to the conclusion that it came from the N.E. or E.N.E., and hence might fitly bo termed a north-easter. This is cjuite in harmony with the natural sense oiULvpaKvXMV (Vulg. Euro-aquilo, i. e. north-east wind, the modern Gregalia of those seas), which is regarded as the true reading by Bentley, and is found in some of the best MSS. ; but we are disposed to adhere to the received text, more especially as it is the more difficult read- ing, and the phrase used by Luke (o KaXovpn'oc Evpo- KXvCifjv) seems to point to some peculiar word in use among the sailors. Alford thinks that the true name of the wind was liipaKvXojt', but that the Greek sailors, not understanding the Latin termination, corrupted the word into ivpoKXv^wi', and that so Luke wrote it (Comment, in loc). — Smith, s. v. Such winds are known to modern mariners in the Mediterranean by