EUROPE
355
EUSEBIUS
the name of Levanters. The}' are not confined to any single point, but blow in all directions from the north- east round bj' the north to the south-east. The "great ■wind" or mighty tempest experienced I)}' the prophet Jonah on his way from Joppa to Tarshish (1, 4 ; comp. the destructive "east wind" of Psa. xlviii, 7) appears to have been one of these gales (comp. Josephus, War, iii, 8, 3, who calls it the " black north wind," ^iXafi- (iopiiov). See Wind.
Europe, the smallest, but also the most highly civilized and most populous of the three great divi- sions of the old continent.
I. It is separated from America on the west and north-west by the Atlantic ; from Africa on the south bj' the Mediterranean ; and from Asia by the Archi- pelago, Sea of Marmora, Black Sea, Caucasian ridge, Caspian Sea, Ural River and Mountains, and the Kara River. It is in the form of a huge peninsula, project- ing from the north-west of Asia. Its extent from Cape St. Vincent on the south-west to the mouth of the Kara Eiver on the north-east is 3400 miles ; and from Cape Nordkun, the most northerly point of the Scandi- navian main land, to Cape Matapan, the southmost point of Greece, 2400 miles. The continent of Europe, irrespective of islands, lies within lat. 3G° 1' — 71° 6' N., and long. 9° 30' W.— G8° 30' E. Its area is esti- mated at nearlj"- 3,800,000 square miles ; and its coast- line, more extensive in proportion to its size than that of any other great natural division of the globe, is esti- mated at 19,500 miles, giving a proportion of 1 linear mile of coast for every 190 square miles of surface. It had in 1868 a population of 293,000,000, which gives an average of about 77 for every square mile.
II. Church History. — Europe early received the seed of Christianity from the apostles themselves. The territory embraced in what is now Turkey, Greece, and Italy was for many years the scene of the apos- tolic lal)ors of Paul, who founded a number of church- es, and wrote epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, and Thessalonians. Whether he visited Spain, England, and other countries of Europe, as has been asserted hy some writers, is doubtful. Peter is claimed by the Roman Catholic Church to have been for twenty-five 3'ears bishop of Rome. The fiict of his having been in Rome, and having presided for several years over the Church there, is generally recognised bj" most of the historians. The share of the other apostles in the Christianization of Europe is doubtful, and the ac- counts of their missionary labors rest more on legends than historic documents (see the articles on each of the apostles, and each of the European countries) ; but it is a well - established fact that, even before the close of the first century, numerous churches were es- tablished in Turkey, Greece, Malta, Italy, France, Spain, and Southern and Western Germany. The growing authority of the bishops of Rome [see Roman Catholic Church] soon made Europe the centre of the Christian world. When Constantino became a Christian, the Christianization of all that portion of Europe which belonged to the Roman empire made rapid progress, and was soon completed. In the fifth and sixth centuries, Spain, France, Scotland, England, and several German tribes became Christian. Chris- tianity steadily advanced in all directions, but it was not until the sixteenth centuiy that every pagan peo- ple of Europe had adopted the Christian doctrine. In the mean while, however, part of the Christian territo- ry in Southern Europe had been conquered by the Mo- hammedans, who at one time even hoped for the con- quest of all Europe. They lost, however, in the course of the following centuries, most of their conquests, re- taining only the control of one empire in Eastern Eu- rope. Thus Europe has been for many centuries a predominantl}- Christian division of the world, while of both Asia and Africa only small sections became Christian. The schism between the Greek and the Latin churches became complete in the ninth centurj'.
and the ecclesiastical connection between Eastern and Western Europe has been interrupted ever since. Still greater became the alienation between the countries which adhered to the Reformation of the sixteenth cen- tury and those over which the Church of Rome retain- ed control, and more than one destructive war grew out of this division. See Refokmation ; Pkotest-
ANTISM.
III. Ecclesiastical Statistics. — The following tabular statement of the statistics of the Roman Catholic, Pro- testant, and Eastern churches, prepared by Prof. A. J. Schem, is taken from the American Year-booh for 18G9.
Countries.
Total Population.
Portugal
Azores and (
Madeira. ./
Spain
Andorra
France
N. German)
Confed . . . / S. Germ. States
Austria
Italy
Papal States.. San Marino . .
Monaco
Switzerland . . Holland
Luxemburg.
Belgium
Great Britain.
Heligol'd,)
Gibraltar, V
and Malta) Denmark
Faroe and)
Iceland . . /
Sweden
Norway
Turkey
Roumania. .
Servia
Montenegro. Greece
Ionian lalds. Russia
3,937,801
363,658
16,302,C25|
l'J,0(IO
38,067,004
29,332,834
8,524,460
,S,5,'Jn'.:!,547
24,368,787
723,l'.:l
5,700
1,887
2,510,4114
3,rj5.',0{')5
2(16,574
4,084,4.51
29,935,404
163,683
1,008,095
75,909
4,070,061
1,701,478
13,,544,00ll
3,8«4.S4S
1,078,281
190,23s
1,0%, 810
251,712
67,260,431
Total ,2',i3,083,708
U, 340,000
16,280,000
12,0(10
36,000,000
7,875,000
4,935,000
27,000,000
24,000,000
710,000
5,7(10