it the same indulgences as to the Crusaders. Thorkel landed with a large fleet, overpowered the inhabitants, and established the fortress of Wiborg. Bishop Peter, of "Westeras, announced Christianity to the tribes which were still pagans, and the Swedish arms left to the natives only the choice between Christianitj' and slaver}'. Thus Christianity was gradually forced upon the whole nation, with the exception of a few remote districts where paganism continued to maintain itself. Though planted and spread by force, Christianity finally rooted itself in the minds of the people by means of schools and churches. The episcopal see at Abo attained considerable celebrity. The number of churches was largely increased, the cathedral school of Abo was numeroush' attended, and graduallj- six monasteries were established. The Reformation met in Finland with comparatively little resistance, and soon the Lutheran Church superseded Roman Cathol- icism altogether. In consequence of the wars between Sweden and Russia in the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, Finland was lost to Sweden and gained by the emperor of Russia. In 17'2], at the peace of Nystadt, Russia received the towns of Wiborg and Keyholm ; in 1713, at the peace of Abo, a terri- tory of about 4800 square miles, with the fortresses of Nyslott, Frederiksham, and Savolax ; and in 1809, at the peace of Frederiksham, the whole of Finland. Emperor Alexander I reunited Wiborg, which for some time had constituted a Russian province, with Finland, which retains its old Constitution, its Swedish laws, and Lutheran religion. Finland is, in point of administration, wholly separated from Russia Proper ; the highest authority is the imperial senate for Fin- land, consisting of 16 natives, under the prcsidencj' of a governor general. The diet, as formerly in Sweden, consists of four estates, nobility, clergj', burghers, and peasants.
The population of Finland in 1865 amounted to 1,840,957, of whom 41,760 were connected with the Greek Church, which has 17 churches and 2 monas- teries. The Roman Catholics have a church in Wi- borg and in Helsingfors. Nearh' the whole remainder, a population of about 1,800,000, belongs to the Luther- an Ciiurch. The organization of the Lutheran Church of Finland is in every respect similar to that of the Lutheran Church of Sweden. Liturgies, hymn-book, catechism, and other Church books, are substantially the same as in Sweden. The Church has one arch- bishopric, of Abo (the archbishop resides at Helsing- fors), and two bishoprics, of Borgio and Kuopio, the latter of recent origin. The nun\ber of parishes in 1867 was 214. Most of the congiegations have, be- sides the pastor, a chaplain, also a church council. The churches are generally well attended. In most of the churches, especially in the country, the ser- mons are preached in the Finnish language ; in others, both Finnish and Swedish are used ; and in some, Swedish exclusively. The highest literary institution is the University of Helsingfors (until 1847 at Abo). It has among the faculties one of Lutheran theologj', about 45 professors, and 600 students. There is also at Helsingfors a theological seminarj'. Finland has 6 gymnasia, 13 secondary and 33 primary schools, 3 female institutions, and a number of schools for special purposes. At the higher institutions instruc- tion is generally given in Swedish ; but the use of the Finnish language is advancing at the expense of the Swedish, and this movement is greatly encouraged by the Russian government. An Evangelical Society was established in 1817 ; there are also several Bible Societies. — Wetzer w.V^'^Me, Kirchen-Lexikon, iv, 70; \^'iggers, Kirchl. Statist'ik, ii, 423; Riihs, Finnland u. seine Beirohner (Leipz. 1808). (A. J. S.)
Finley, Janies Bradley, one of the most dis- tinguished and useful pioneers of ^Icthodism in Ohio, was the son of the Rev. R. W. Finley, and was bom in Korth Carolina, July 1, 1781. He received a good
FINLEY
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education from his father. In 1801 he married, and settled in what is now Highland Count}', Oiiio. In 1802, while returning from a camp-meeting in Ken- tucky, he was converted. He at once felt called to preach, but refused to obe}', lost all religion, and lived for seven years a worse sinner than V)efore. At tlie end of this time he was again converted, and imme- diately began to persuade his wicked neighbors to seek God, and soon formed a large societj'. In 1809 he entered the Western Conference, travelled with great success for six years, and was in 181G-21 presiding elder on Steulienville, Ohio, and Lebanon Districts. Througii the labors of John Stewart, the colored preaclier, and Between-the-Logs, a converted chief, a great revival had begun among the "Wyandotte Indians at Upper Sandusky. Thither Finley was sent in 1821, and spent six years of labor, suffering, and glorious success among the Indians. After his removal he still had supervision of the mission, and from 1829 to 1845 served the Church as preacher or presiding elder in the principal cities of Soutliern Ohio. He served as chaolain of the Ohio Penitentiary, at Columbus, fiOin 1815 to 1819, when his health failed, and he was made superannuate. He was afterward appointed to Clin- ton Street, Cincinnati (from him named Finlej' Chap- el). His last appointment was that of Conference niissionarj-. He was thus forty-five j'ears a laborious and successful minister. He was eight times a delegate to the General Conference. He died Sept. U, 1856, in Cincinnati. Both in character and labors he was an extraordinary man. His zeal, his indomitable courage, which the Indian chiefs both respected and feared, his sympathy and his integrity, gave him a dominant control over men of all pi'ofessions and con- ditions. His eloquence in the pulpit, especially at camp-meetings, often brought down thousands almost at a stroke, and wherever he went conversions wei'e multiplied. He puljlished an Aiitobiography (Cincinna- ti, 1854, 12mo) : — Wyandotte Mission (12mo) : — Sketch- es of Western Methodism (Cincinnati, 1857, 12mo) : — Ufa amo7if) the Indians (Cincinnati, 1857, 12mo) : — Me- morials (f Prison Life (Cincinnati, 18G0, 12mo). — Min- utes of Conferences, vi,441 ; Autobiofjrajihy of J. B. Fin- ley (Cincinnati, 1854); Stevens, History of the Method- ist Eiriscopal Church, vol. iv.