For the renewal of the question, with a view to union between the Greeks and Latins at the Council
of Florence, see Florence. The great English di. vines, Pearson and Waterland, while adliering to the doctrine of the West, condemn the interpolation of the creed. So Pearson remarks : " Thus did the Oriental Church accuse the Occidental for MhYmix^flloque to the creed, contrary to a general council, which had pro- hil)ited all additions, and that without the least pre- tence of the authoi'ity of another council ; and so the schism between the Latin and the Greek Church be- gan and was continued, never to be ended until those words, Kcil tK Tov v'lor, or fdioque, are taken out of the creed" (^Exposition of tha Creed, art. viii, Oxford, 1820, ii, 394).
The commissioners for a review of the English Prayer-book, 1G89, expressed in a note their opinion that something should be done to satisfy the Greek Church. At a later period the non-juring prelates made proposals to the Greeks, stating that in the c\-A.\\se filioque nothing more is meant than "from the Father bj'^ the Son;" to which the Greek patriarch and Synod of Constantinople replied (April 12, 1718) : " We receive no other rule or creed than that which was set forth by the first and second holy General Council, in which it was decreed that the Holy Ghost proceeds ' from the Father.' Therefore ice j-eceive none who add the lecist si/l'abl? (and the most perfect word would fall far short), cither by way of insertion, com- mentary, or explication to this holy creed, or who talce anything from it. For the holy fathers at that time anathematize all such as shall either take from or add to it anj' word or syllable. If any one has formerly inserted any word, let it be struck out, and let the creed bo unaltered as it was at first written, and is to this day, after so manj^ years, read and believed I)}- us. Now, concerning tiiis point, we thus believe that there is a twofold processi M of the Holy Spirit: the one nat- ni-al, eternal, and before time, according to which the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone ; and of which it is both written in the creed, and the Lord has said, 'the Comforter, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Sjiirit of trutii, which piioceed- ETii FROM THE Father' (John XV, 20). The other procession is temporal and deputiitire, according to which the Hoh' Spirit is externally sent forth, de- rived, proceeds, and flows from both the Father and the Son for the sanctification of the creature. As to his temporal and outward procession, we agree that he proceeds, comes, or is sent &// tiie Son, or through the Son's mediation, and from the Son, in this sense of an outward procession, for the sanctification of the crea- ture. But this TTpoKTic, or mission, we do not call pro- cession, lest we should be as unhappy as the Papists, who, because of the limited dialect of the Latin lan- guage, which is unable to express the Trpuemc, or mis- sion, bv one word, and the tKTropevmc, or procession, by another, have called them both processions, which af- terwards grew into error, and made them take the eternal procession for that Trpoicng which was in time" (Amer. Quart. Church Rev. April, 1868, p. 93).
The historical question is verj^ thoroughly' discussed bv the Rev. E. S. Ffoulkes (a convert from the Angli- can to the Roman Church) in several recent works of his, especially in A Historical Account of the Addition of the Ifor-rfe Filioque to the Creed (Lond. 1867). ]Mr. Ffoulkes states that he has no objection to the doctrine of the double procession in the abstract, but he objects to its " embodiment in the creed in a word of four syl- lables, foisted in without authority, retained there with- out authority, in a place that was never designed for it, in a proposition set apart for the declaration of another truth" (p. 31). Moreover, he objects to the clause because it binds to the acce]itance of a proposi- tion which has two meanings; "the sense in which the Holy Ghost is said to proceed from the Son not be- ing in every icay coextensive with the sense in which he is said to proceed from the Father." And he express- es his conviction that this clause has a good deal to do
FILIOQUE CONTROVERSY 560
FILLAN
■with the Socinianism and Unitarianism so long rife in the A\'est. Mr. Ffmilkes notices tliat in tlie East, ■vvliere t\w JiUoque is not adopted, " tliere is positiveh' no sucli tiling known as Unitarianism among iiaptized Christians;" and it liappened to liimself once to meet witli tliis rei)ly from a literary- friend with whom he had been discussing tlic clause — "1 find mj' escape from it in Unitarianism."