FOOD
611
FOOD
(1507), and Antoinette of Orleans (1571 to 1608), but tliev had no lasting results. The whole order perished during the French Revolution ; the last ahliess, Julie Sophie Charlotte de Pardaillan, died in Paris in 1790. No attempt Has since been made to revive it. — Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lex. iv, 109; Helyot (ed. Migne), Ordns Jielitjieux, s. v. ; Honore Niquet, Hist, de V Ordre de Font. (Angres, 1586). (A. J. S.)
Food (represented by several Heb. and Gr. words [especiall}' some derivative of the verb ?5^jl, akul , to eat\ which are variously rendered in the A. V.). Compare Victuals.
I. Materials. — The original grant of the Creator made over to man the use of the vegetable world for food (Gen. i, 29), with the exception of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gen.ii, 17), and, as some hold, also, the tree of life (iii, 22). So long as man continued in Paradise, he doubtless restricted his choice of food within the limits thus delined ; but whether, as is commonly stated, we arc to regard this as character- istic of the entire period between the creation of Adam and the grant of animal food to Noah after th'e flood (Gen. ix, iii), admits of doubt. It is doing no violence to the passage last cited to view it rather in the light of an ordinance intended to regulate a practice already in use, than as containing the first permission of that practice ; and when we consider that man is, b}' his original constitution, omnivorous, that there are spe- cial adaptations in his frame, as made by God, for the use of animal food, that from the beginning he was ac- quainted with the use of fire, that from the beginning there was a distinction known to him between clean and unclean animals (Gen. vii, 2, 8), corresponding ap- parently to a distinction between animals good for food and animals not so, and that the pastoral was as early as the agricultural occupation among men, it seems mora probable than otherwise that the use of animal food was not unknown to the antediluvians. Perhaps some fierce or cruel custom connected with the use of raw flesh, such as Bruce found in his day among the Abyssinians, and such as Moses glances at (Exod. xii, 9), may have prevailed among the more barbarous and ferocious of the antediluvians ; and it may have been in order to check this that the com- munication recorded in Gen. ix, 2-5, was made to Noah. It is not, however, to be overlooked that, in the tradi- tions of antiquity, the earh' age ot the world was rep- resented as one in which men did not use animal food (Diod. Sic. i, 43; ii, 38; Ovid, Metam. i, 101 sq. ; xv, 96 sq. ; Fust, iv., 395 sq.).
In the Patriarchal age the food of the ancestors of the Ilelirews comprised the flesh of animals both tame and wild, as well as the cereal?. We read of their us- ing not only cakes of fine meal, but also milk and but- ter, and the flesh of the calf, the kid, and game taken Iw hunting (Gen. xviii, 6-8; xxvii, 3, 4). They used also leguminous food, and a preparation of lentiles seems to have been a customarj' and favorite dish with them (Gen. xxv, 34). Thej' made use also of honey (either honey of bees or sirup of grapes), spices, nuts, and almonds (Gen. xliii, 11).
During their residence in Egypt the Israelites shared in the abundance of that land ; there they " sat by the flesh-pots, and did eat bread to the full" (Exod. xvi, 3) ; and amid the privations of the wilderness thej' re- membered with regret and murmuring " the fish which they did eat in Egypt freely (the abundance offish in Egypt is attested by Diod. Sic. i, 34, 30 ; and ^Elian, De Nut. Anim. x, 43), the cucumbers and the melons, and the leoks, and the onions, and the garlic" (Numb. xi, 5). These vegetable products have always form- ed an important part of the food of the people of Egypt ; and the abundant use also of animal food by them is sufficient!}' attested b}' the monuments (Wilkinson, Anc. K;fijpl. ii, 367-374).
In theu- passage through the wilderness, the want
of the ordinary materials of food was miraculouslj' sup- plied to the Israelites by the manna. As it was of importance that their flocks and herds should not 1 e wholl}' consumed or even greatly reduced befoi'e their entering on the promised land, they seem to have been placed under restrictions in the use of animal food, though this M'as not forbidden (Lev. xvii, 3 s q.) ; and when their longing for this food broke out into rebel- lious murmurs, a supply was sent to them hy means of large flocks of a species of partridge very much in use in the East (Exod. xvi, 11-13; Numb, xi, 31; comp. Diod. Sic. i, 60).
When they reached the promised land, "the land flowing with milk and hone}'," abundance of all kinds of food awaited the favored people. The rich pasture- lands of Palestine enabled them to rear and maintain large flocks and herds; game of various kinds was abundant in the more mountainous and uninhabited districts ; fish was largely supplied by the rivers and inland seas, and seems to have been used to a consid- erable extent (2 Chron. xxxiii, 14; Neh.iii, 3; Matt, vii, 10; xiv, 17; xv, 34; Luke xxiv, 42; John xxi, G-14), so that the destruction of it was represented as a special judgment from God (Isa. 1, 2; Hos. iv, 3; Zeph. i, 3). See Fish. In the Mosaic code express regulations are laid down as to the kinds of animals that may be used in food (Lev. xi ; Deut. xiv). Those expressh' permitted are, of heiuta, the ox, the sheep, the goat, the hart, the roebuck, the fallow-deer, the wild goat, the p^garg, the wild ox, the chamois, and, in general, everj' beast that parteth the hoof and cleaveth the cleft into two claws [that is, where the hoof is com- pletely parted, and each part is separately cased in bone], and cheweth the cud ; of Jifh, all that have scales and fins ; oi fowls, all clean birds, that is, all ex- cept the carnivorous and piscivorous birds; oiinsecis, the locust, the bald locust, the beetle, and the grass- hopper. AVhether the Hebrews attended to the rear- ing of gallinaceous fowls remains a matter of doubt. See Cock.