son to restrict the arob to any one family. "Of in* sects," says Sonnini (Trav. iii, 199), " the most troub- lesome in Egypt are flies ; both man and beast are cru- elly tormented with them. No idea can be formed of their obstinate rapacity. It is in vain to drive them away; they return again in the self-same moment, and their perseverance wearies out the most patient spir- it." The arob may include various species of Culicidas (gnats), snch as the musquito, if it is necessary to in- terpret the "devouring" nature of the arob (in Psa. Ixxviii, 45) in a strictly literal sense ; though the ex- pression used by the Psalmist is not inapplicable to the flies, which even to this day in Egypt may be re- garded as a " plague," and which are the great instru- ment of spreading the well-known ophthalmia, this be- ing conveyed from one individual to another by these dreadful pests ; or the literal meaning of the arob "de- vouring" the Egyptians may be understood in its full- est sense of the Ji[uscid(e if we suppose that the people may have been punished b}' the larva; gaining admit- tance into the bodies, as into the stomach, frontal si- nus, and intestines, and so occasioning in a hot climate many instances of death (see, for cases of Mf/asis pro- duced by Dijtterous larra, Transactions rf Entomol. Soc. ii, 266-269). See Gxat.
The identification of the arob with the cochroach (Blatta Orientulis'), which Oedmann ( Verm. Sam. pt. ii, c. 7) suggests, and which Kirby {Bridyw. Treat, ii, 357) adopts, has nothing at all to recommend it, and is pure- ly gratuitous, as jNIr. Hope proved in 1837 in a paper on this subject in the Trans. Ent. Soc. ii, 179-183. The error of calling the cockroach a beetle, and the confu- sion which has been made between it and the sacred beetle of Egypt {Aleuchus sacer), has recently been re- peated by M. Kalisch (Hist, and Crit. Comment. Exod. 1. c). The cockroach, as Mr. Hope remarks, is a noc- turnal insect, and prowls about for food at night ; " but what reason have we to believe that the fly attacked the Egyptians by night and not by day ?" The mira- cle involved in the plague of flies consisted, partly at least, in the creature being brought against the Egyp- tians in so great an abundance during muter. Possi- bly, however, the better rendering of the Hebrew would be beetles. (See Wibel's treatise, Ueber der Arob, in the " Fri'ihaufgelesene Fri'/ckte," 1738, p. 244.) — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v. ; Fairbairn, s. v. See Beetlk.
Flying buttress, in Gothic architecture, a but- tress extended above the wall of the side aisles, or other outer wall, and connected with the wall of the clerestory, or of a tower, by a portion of an arch, to af- ford lateral support.
Fo, Foe (or Fun), the Chinese name for Buddha (the first syllable of Fohfa or Fu-fa — Buddha). See Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, ii, 74, 84, 95 ; and the articles Buddhism; China (ii, 249) ; Fuh-He; Lajiaisji.
Foal ("''", a'yir, or simply '2, the son of an ass, Zech. ix, 9, as v'u'iq in JIatt. xxi, 5), an ass's colt (Gen. xxxii, 15; xlix, 11). See Ass ; Colt.
Foam occurs as a translation of C|^|5 (Jce'tseph, something broken^ : in Hos. x, 7, "As for Samaria, her king is cut oflf as the, /bam upon the water," after the Vulg. spuma. The Sept. doubtless gives the correct sense, (pnvyai'ov, a dry t2i:ig or splinter. Horsle)' (Comment, in loc.) renders " bubble."
" Foam" is the true meaning of dfooQ, froth (Luke ix, 39; with its derivatives in Mark ix, 18, 20; Jude 13).
Fodder (^"^^3, beUV, Job vi, 5 ; xxiv, 6; Isa. xxx, 24). In the second passage in Job this word is ren- dered in our version "corn ;" the margin gives "min- gled corn or dredge ;" in that of Isaiah it is rendered " provender." The word properly signifies a mixture, a medley. Gesenius (Ileb. Lex.) says, " The two latter passages are most clearly understood b}- a reference
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to the Eoman farrago (Plinj--, Bid. Nat.), consisting of barley or oats, mixed with vetches and beans, which were sown and reaped togetlier."
Foggini, PiETiJO Fr vncisco, an Italian archaeol- ogist, was born in 1713 at Florence, devoted himself to the Church, and was made doctor at Pisa. In 1741 he jmblished De primis Flor-entinorum Aposiolis, and an edition of Virgil (Florence, 4to). In 1742 Foggini accepted an invitation from Bottari, second librarian of the Vatican, to come to Rome, where Benedict XIV gave him a place in the pontifical academy' of historj-, and made him sub-lil)rarian at the Vatican. In 1775 he succeeded Bottari as librarian. He died at Rome May 31, 1783. He devoted great part of his life to tlie study of the MSS. of the Vatican ; and published, be- sides the works already mentioned, Epiphanius, Be XII gemmis, etc. (Rome, 1743, 4to) : — Ejjiphanius Sa- lerno, Comment, in Cant. (Rome, 1750, 4to) : — Appendix Historia; ByzantlncB (Rome, 1777). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ceneralty xviii, 35.
Fo-hi. See Fuh-He.