Advantage was taken of these fountains to supply some of the great cities of Palestine with water. Hence, in Oriental cities generallj', public fountains are frequent (Poole, Englishw. in Eg. i, 180). Perhaps the most remarkable works of this kind are at Tyre, where
"it
Fountain near Beyrut.
FOUNTAIN
632
FOUQUET
several copious springs were surrounded with massive walls, so as to raise the water to a sufficient height. Aqueducts, supported on arches, then conveyed it to the city (Porter, Handb.J'or Syria and Pcil. p. 142, 555, 390). One of less extent conveyed an abundant sup- ply to Damascus from the great fountain at Fijeh. Hence no Eastern city is so well supplied with water as Damascus {E(ir!i/ Trav. p. 294). At Beyrut there is an ancient aqueduct tliat brings water from a source at least twenty miles distant, and two thousand feet above tlie level of the sea (Thomson, Land and Book, i, 48). An aqueduct some ten miles in length brought water to Jerusalem from a fountain near Solomon's Pools by suljterranean channels. In these may per- haps be found tlie "saaled fountain" of Cant, iv, 12 (Hasselquist, p. 145; Maundrell, Early Trav. p. 457). Traces of fountains at Jerusalem may probably be found in the names En-Rogel (2 Sam. xvii, 17), the "Dragon-well" or fountain, and the "gate of the fountain" (Neh. ii, 13, 14). But Jerusalem, though mainly dependent for its supply of water upon its rain- water cisterns, appears from recent inquiries to have possessed either more than one psrennial spring, or one issuing by more than one outlet (see Robinson, i, 343, 345; Williams, Holy City, ii, 458, 468 ; comp. Ezek. xlvii, 1, 12). With this agree the "fons perennis aquffi" of Tacitus {Iliif. v, 12), and the vdariov civiic- XeiTrroe avtjTaaiQ of Aristeas (Josephus, ii, 112, edit. Havercamp ; compare Haumer, p. 298 ; Kitto, Physical Geogr. p. 412, 415). See Jerusalem. In the towers built by Herod, Josephus saj's there were cisterns with Xa\Kovi>y)']i.utTa through which water was poured forth ( lVa7; V, 4, 4) : these may have been statues or figures containing spouts for water after Roman models (Plin. Epist. V, G ; Hist. Nat. xxxvi, 15, 121). The fountain of Nazareth bears a traditional antiquity, to which it has probably good derivative, if not actual claim (Rob- erts, Views in Palestine, i, 21, 29, 33; Fisher, Views in Syria, i, 31 ; iii, 44). See Nazaueth.
Fountain at Nazareth.
The volcanic agencj' which has operated so power- fulh' in Palestine has from very earlj' times given tokens of its working in the warm springs which are found near the Sea of (Jalilee and the Dead Sea. Tliese liave bean famous from time immemorial for their medicinal propt-rtics (Pliny, Iliitt. Nat. \, 15; Lightfoot, 0pp. ii, 224). Tliey are confined to the vol- canic valley of tlie .Ionian, and all are strongly' impreg- nated witli sulpliur. Tlie tonqierature of that of Tibe- rias is 144° Fahr. (Porter, Ilandhook for Syr. and Pal. p. 311, 320, 423). One of tlie most celebrated of these was Callirrhoe, mentioned by Josephus as a place re- sorted to l)y Herod in his last illness ((Tar, i, 3.3, 5 ; Kitto, Phy.<. Geor/r. of Pal \'. 120, 121 ; Stanley, p. 285). His son Philip built the town, which he named Tibe- rias (the Hamath of Josh, xix, 35), at tlie sulphureous
hot springs on the south of the Sea of Galilee (Joseph. Ant. xviii, 2, 3 ; Hasselquist, Traoels, App. p. 283 ; Kit- to, p. 114 ; Burckhardt, Syria, p. 328, 330). Other ho* springs are found at seven miles' distance from Tibe- rias, and at Omkeis or Ainathe, near Gadara (Ueland, p. 775; Burckhardt, p. 27G, 277; Kitto, p. IIG, 118). See Callikuiioe.
From the value of such supplies of water in arid countries, fountains figure much in the poetr\- of the East as the natural images of perennial blessings of various kinds. In the Scriptures fountains are made the symbols -of refreshment to the wearj^, and also de- note the perpetuity and inexhaustible nature of the spiritual comforts which God imparts to his people, whether by the influences of the Spirit, or through the ordinances of public worship. There are also various texts in which children, or an extended posterit}', are, by a beautifully-apt image, described as a fountain, and the father' or progenitor as the source or spring from which that fountain flows (Deut. xxxiii, 28 ; Psa. Ixviii, 26; Prov. v, IG, 18; xiii, 14, etc.). S^-e We- myss. Symbol. Diet. s. v. — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v. See Wateu.
The Fountain-gate ('i''"!^ '^^"4?, sha'arht-A'yin; Sept. 7cii\i} rov 'Aiv or <uvtiv,\\xVj:,. porta fontis ; A. V. "gale of the fountain") at Jerusalem was in the first or old wall, along the Valley of Hinnom, south of the Dung-gate, and adjoining the Pool of Siloam (from whicli it doubtless derived its name), at the mouth of the Tyropoeon (Strong's Harm, and Expos. Append, p. 11). See Jerusalem.
Foiiqiiere,Do.M Antoine-Miciiel, a learned Ben- edictine of the Congregation of St.Waur, was born at Chateauroux in 1G41, and died at Meaux Nov. 3, 1709. He was made teacher of rhetoric in the monastery of St. Pierre de Mauriac, where he acquired the reputation of being an excellent professor, especially of Greek. In 1G78 he was appointed superior of his convent, and filled the post for fifteen years, after which he retired to the abbe}' of St. Faron at Meaux, where* he died. His works are, (1) a Latin translation of a wc;k of Dionysius, patriarch of Constantinople, on points of controvcrsj' between the Calvinists and Roman Cath- olics, published, together with original text, under the title of Dionysii palriarcke Constantinopolitani snper Calvinistarum erroribus ac reali imprimis j)rcp.seniia Re- sponsio; and with the preceding, (2) a Latin transla- tion of the acts of the council held at Jerusalem A.D. 1G72, under the title of Synndus Betlcemetica pro reali prasentin anno 1G72 celehrata, grwee d /a<. (Paris, 1676, 8vo). (By the advice of Francois Combefis and A. Ar- nauld, these translations were revised and corrected, and a new edition published in 1678, the latter under the title oi Synndus THerosolymitana pro reali pnpsentia'). (3) Under the pseudonj'ine of Tamaguinus, Celebris his- toria Monothelitarum, atqiie Honorii controrersia scruii- niis octo comprehensa (Paris, 1678, 8vo), a work which excited a good deal of interest. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Ghurale, xviii, 309-10. (J. W. M.)