Arioiiiit Kgvptiaii Kunpral l;itc:<: 1. Tli'> mummy in its slirine; 2. A priest pre- f^eiitins ati obl.ition before it ; 3, 4, 5, Female relatives present, and exiiibiting tlieir liomage and grief.
FUNERAL
695
FUNERAL
however, reaches a false result], De combusfione et hu- matione mortuoruvi ap. Hebrcsos, in his Syntugma covim. i, 225 sq.). See Grave. To leave the dead unburied was to the Hebrews a most dreadful thoiigiit (1 Kings xiii, 22; xiv, 11; xvi, 4; xxi, 24; Jer. vii, 33; viii, 2 ; ix, 22 ; xiv, 16 ; xvi, 4 ; xxv, 33 ; Ezek. xxix, 5 ; Psa. Ixxix, 3), and was regarded by the ancients uni- versally as one of the grossest insults (So|)hocles, Ajax, 1156; Herodian, viii, 5, 24; iii, 12, 25; Plutarch, Virt. mul. p. 226, cd. Tauchn. ; Isocr. Fanath. p. 638 ; sec Musgrave, ad Soph. Antiq. 25) ; hence to inter the remains of tiie departed was a special work of affection (Tobit i, 21 ; ii, 8), and was an imperative duty of sons toward their parents (Gen. xxv, 9 ; xxxv, 29 ; 1 Mace, ii, 70 ; Tobit vi, 15 ; Matt, viii, 21 ; compare Demosth. Aristog. p. 496; Val. Max. v, 4, ext. 3; see Kj'pe, Obsn-v. i, 46), and next devolved upon relatives and friends (Tobit xiv, 16). If the corpse remained uninhumed, it became a prey to the roving, hungry dogs and ravenous birds (1 Kings xiv, 11; xvi, 4; xxi, 24 ; Jer. vii, 33 ; 2 Sam. xxi, 10 [2 Kings ix, 35 sq.] ; compare Plomer, //. xxii, 41 sq. ; Eurip. Heracl. 1050). Nevertheless, that was not often the fate of the dead among the Israelites, except in consequence of the atrocities of war, since Deut. xxi, 23 (.losephus. War, vi, 72) was held to entitle even criminals to in- terment (Josephus, War, iv, 5, 2; comp. Matt, xxvii, 58; j'et it was otherwise in Egypt, Gen. xl, 19). Ac- cording to the Talmud (Lightfoot, Hor. I/eb. p. 499) there were two especial burial-places at Jerusalem for executed persons. — Winer, i, 147. See Tomd.
What form or ceremonies of obsequies was observed by the ancient Hebrews is almost altogether unknown, except that in the earlier and simpler age the act of interment was performed by the relations (sons, broth- ers) with tlieir own hands (Gen. xxv, 9 ; xxxv, 29 ; Judg. xvi, ,31 ; the later passages, 1 Mace, ii, 70 ; Tobit xiv, 16, onlj' indicate the attendance of the kindred at the rites; so also Matt, viii, 22). In later times the Jews left this to others, and in Amos v, 16 it is spoken of as something shocking that kinsmen should be obliged to carry the corpse to the grave (this pious care, however, was due from friends, e. g. from pupils to- wards their teacher, 1 Kings xiii, 30 ; Alark vi, 29). Closing the eyes and giving the last kiss (Thilo, Apocr. i, 44) are mentioned (Gen. xlvi, 4 ; 1,1; Tobit xiv, 15) as natural expressions of farewell (the Talmud has a prescription concerning them, Shahb. xxiii, 5) from earl}' autiquit}' (Homer, II. xi, 452 ; Odi/ss. xi, 425 sq. ; xxiv, 296; Eurip. Nee. 428; Virg. yEn. ix, 487 ; Ovid, Trist. ii, 3, 43 ; iv, 3, 43 sq. ; Val. Max. ii, 6, 8 ; Pliny, xi, 55 ; Euseb. Hist. Ecd. vii, 22). Immediately after decease (the sooner the better) the body was washed (Acts ix, 37), then wrapped in a large cloth {mvcoiv, Matt, xxvii, 59; Mark xv, 46; Luke xxiii, 53), or all its limbs wound with bands (o^oina, Ketoiai, see John xi, 44; compare Chifflet, De linieis sepulcral. Christi, Antw. 1624, 1688), between the folds of which, in the case of a person of distinction, aromatics were laid or sprinkled (John xix, 39 sq. ; compare John xii, 7 ; the custom of anointing the corpse with spiced unguents was very prevalent ancientlj', Pliny, xiii, 1 ; Homer, Odijss. xxiv, 45; Iliad, xviii, 350; xxiv, 582; Lucian, Luct. 11). See Dougta;i Aimal. ii, 64 sq. At pulilic funerals of princes sumptuous shrouds were usual, and
there was a prodigal expense of odors (Josephus, Anf. XV, 3, 4 ; xvii, 8, 3 ; War, i, 33, 9). The speedy burial customary with the later Jews (Acts v, 6, 10 ; as a rule on the same day, before sundown) had its origin in the Levitical defilement (Numb, xix, 11 sq.) ; in earlier times it did not prevail (Gen. xxiii, 2 sq. ; comp. Char- din, vi, 485). The removal {tic<pi-ptii) to the grave was done in a coffin ((Topof. Luke vii, 14; Xapi>a^, Jo- sephus, Ant. XV, 3, 2), which probably was usually open {? Luke vii, 14 ; comp. Schulz, Leilung, iv, 182 ; but see Josephus, Ant. xv, 1, 2); and on a bier (ni2^,
Mohanim :dan Bier, for the Body of a Female or Boy (Lane).
2 Sam. iii, 31 ; /cXiV/;, Josephus, Life, 02; Ant. xvii, P, 3 ; of costly materials in the case of royal personages, even adorned with precious stones, Josephus, Ant. xiii, 16, 1; xvii, 8, 3; War, i, 33, 9), borne by men (Luke vii, 14 ; Acts v, 6, 10), with a retinue of the relatives and friends (2 Sam. iii, 31 ; Luke vii, 12 ; the Talmud speaks of funeral processions with horns (Pa- rah, xii, 9 ; on royal funeral processions, see Josephus, Ant. xiii, 16, l;'xvii, 8, 3; War, i, 33, 9) in a long train (Job xxi, 33), and with loud weeping and wailing (2 Sam. iii, 32 ; compare Baruch vi, 31). Even in the house of grief, before the funeral, lamentation was kept up with accompaniment of mourning pipes (Matt, ix, 23; Mark V, 38; compare Jer. ix, 17; 2 Chron. xxxv, 25 ; Ovid, Fast, vi, 660 ; see Hilliger, De tibicin. infit- ner. adhib. Yiteh. 1717 ; Kirchmann, Fun. Roman, ii, 5). Female mourners, especiallj' (Jer. ix, 17), were hired for the purpose (Mishna, Moed Katon, iii, 8), who pro- longed the lamentation several days (Wellsted, i, 150; Prokesch, Erinner. i, 93, 102, 130). After the burial a funeral meal was given (2 Sam. iii, 35 ; Jer. xvi, 5, 7 ; Hos. ix, 4 ; Ezek. xxiv, 17, 24 ; Tobit iv, 18 ; Epist. Jer. 30 ; compare Homer, //. xxiii, 28 ; xxiv, 802 ; Lu- cian, Lnct. 24 : see Geier, De luctu Ebr. ch. vi ; Heben- streit, in the Miscell. Lips, ii, 720 sq. ; vi, 83 sq. ; Gar- mann, in Iken's Thesaur. i, 1028 sq.) ; and among the later Jews, in families of distinction, invitations were extended to the honorable as well as to the people, so that these entertainments evontuallv became scenes