Ancient Egyptian Funeral I'rocession (Caillaud).
ruNi:RAL
696
FUNERAL DISCOURSES
(if luxvirious display (Jose[)hu.s, War, ii, 1, 1). War- riors were buried with their arms (Ezek. xxxii, 27 ; 1 !Macc. xiii, 29; comp. Homer, OJi/ss. xi, 74; xii, 13; Virgil, y-En. vi, 233; Died. Sic. xviii, 2G ; Curtius, x, 1, 31 ; see Tavernier, i, 2r4), and persons of rank or royalty with jewels and valuables (Josephus, Ant. xv, 3, 4; xvi, 7, 1). In later times, when the belief in the resurrection became generally distinct, a funeral sac- rilice was made (2 Mace, xii, 43). See generally We- ber, Observutt. sacr. circa funera popular, orientt. (Ar- gent. 1767); Montbron, Essai sur la litterature des He- brtux (Par. 1819), III, i, 1 sq., 253 sq. ; also Meursius, Defunere lib. sing., in his 0]^p. v. — Winer, ii, 15. For the funeral customs of the ancient Egyptians, see Wil- kinson, chap. X (abridgm.); for those of the modern Egyptians, see Lane, chap, xxviii. See Bukial.
Modern Kgyptiau Fuucial riuLi.'d=ioii (Lane).
IMonogvaphs on funerals in general have been writ- ten by Fuderici (Jen. 1755), Ingler [in Germ.] (Lii- neb. 1757), Pomeg (L. B. 1G59) ; on burial in general, by Heidegger (Heidelb. 1670), Nettelbladt (Rost. 1728), Lungh (Holm. 1672); on ancient modes of l)urial,by Gy- raldus (Ilelmst. 1676), Quenstedt (Yiteb. 1660), Strauch (Viteb.1660), Cellarius (Helmst.1682), Florinus (Aboas, 1695) ; among the Greeks, by Norberg (^Opusc. ii, 507- 526) ; on the right and dutj' of sepulture, by Bruckner (Jena, 1708), B^jhmer (Halle, 1717\ Burchard (Lips. 1700), Ilofmann (Yiteb. 1726), Horer (Yiteb. 1661), Sahme (Kegiom. 1710), Saurmann (Brem. 1737), Schle- gel (Lips. 1679) ; in time of war, by Preibis (Yiteb. 1685) ; in temples, bj' Allegrantia (Medio. 1773), Plat- ner (Lips. 1788), Winkler (Lips. 1784), Woken (Yiteb. 1752), Lampe (Argent. 1776), Gundling (Obs. select, i, 137 sq.) ; on sepulchres, by Eckhard (Jena, 1726) ; on cenotaphs, by Bidermann (Frib. 1755) ; and cemeteries, by Bachon (Gott. 1725), Berger (Rost. 1689), Biihmer (Hal. 1716, 1726), Fuhrmann [in Germ.] (Hal. 1801), Spondanus (Par. 1638); and their san Lity, by Lede- rer (Yiteb. 1661), Lichtwehr (Yiteb. 1747), Niespen (L. B. 1723), Plaz (Lips. 1725), Schiipfer (Bremen, 1747), Junius (Lips. 1744); on the Catacombs, by Cyprian (Helmst. 1699) ; Fohrnel (Lips. 1710-13) ; on mourn- ing, by yEtninga (Gryph. 1751) ; Nicolai (Marb.1739), Geier (Lips. 1666), Kirchinann (Ilamb. 1605, Lubec, 1625), Sopranus (Lond. 164.3); on funeral dresses, bj' Mayer (Hamb. 1706); on the expense of funerals, bj' Philipp (Lips. 1684) ; on placing money in the mouth of the corpse, by Seyffert (Lips. 1709) ; on lamps at the grave, Uy Ferrari (Patavium, 1764), Schiirzfleisch (Yiteb. 1710), Willesch (Alt. 1715) ; and flowers, by Fliiggc (Hafn. 1704) ; on funeral feasts, by Jenichen [in German] (Lpz. 1747), Sclimidt (Lips. 1693), Trop- panger (Yiteb. 1710) ; on funeral incense, by Brcimel (Jen. 1687); on funeral orations, by Bohmer (Ilelmst. 1713, 1715), Maver (Lips. 1670), Rosenberg (Budiss. 1689), Senf (Lips. 1G89), Wildvogel (Jen. 1701), Witte (1691); and as a Roman custom, by Fortbige (Osnabr. 1789); on monuments, bv Behrnauer [in German] (Frib. 1755), Ilerfordt (ifafn. 1722), Hottinger (Hei- delb. 1659) ; on cuttings for the dead, by Jlichaelis (F. ad V. 17.34); on Christian burial, 1)}' Behrnauer (Bu- diss. 1732\ Gretsa(Ingolstadt, 1611), Joch (Jen. 1726), Kicsling (Yitob. 1736), Franzen (Lips. 1713), Larro-
quanus (^Advers. sacr. L. B. 1688, p. 187 sq.), Panvinus (Lond. 1572, Rom. 1581, Lips. 1717), Rosenberg (Bu- diss. 1690), Samellius (Taurin. 1678), Scliurztleisch {Control', p. 34); on the burial of the patriarchs, by Carpzov (^Dissert, p. 1670 sq.), Semler (Halle, 1706), Zeibich (Yiteb. 1742); on Asa's funeral, hy Miiller (Yiteb. 1716) ; on the burial of animals, by Dasson (Yi- teb. 1697), Lange (Altorf, 1705), Castaius [at Jer. xxii, 19] (Lips. 1716). See Grave; Cemetery; Dead, etc.
Funeral Discourses, (1) addresses delivered ei- ther at the house of mourning or the grave ; (2) fu- neral sermons or panegyrics. I. We see, in Acts viii, 2, that certain ceremonies were observed in the early Church on the occasion of funerals. The apostolical constitutions prescribe certain services in cases of Christian burial (bk. viii, cap. 41, 42, Celebrefur dies ter- tius in psalmis, leciionibus et precibiis, oh eiim, qui tertia die resurrexit ; item dies nanus, etc.). But these serv- ices did not all take place at the time of the funeral, since it is known that bodies were not kept for three days in the East before burial. Of addresses delivered at funerals there is no mention made until after Basil, the two Gregories, and Chrysostom had introduced Greek rhetoric into the Christian Church. The fu- neral addresses of that age are mostly panegyrics de- livered on the deaths of distinguished persons, such as martyrs, bishops, princes, etc. In the IMiddle Ages, funeral services were chiefly masses and prayers for the dead. The Reformation, while abolishing masses for the dead, instituted in its stead the practice of pro- claiming the Word of God bj' the side of the open grave. The objects of this practice were stated, as early as 1536, in the Church Discipline of Wurtemberg, to be (1) public recognition of the Christian's hope of resurrection ; (2) a public testimony of Christian affec- tion ; (3) an earnest memento mori. Since the intro- duction of Rationalism, addresses at the grave have lost much of their general religious character in Ger- many, and have become, to a certain extent, panegyrics of the deceased. In other Protestant countries usages vary : sometimes there is simply a liturgical service at the house or at the grave ; sometimes simply the reading of the Scriptures and prayer; sometimes an address of consolation or warning is added. This lat- ter is generallj^ the usage of the churches whicli do not make use of forms of jirayer.