GALATIA^^S
714
GALBANUM
(Lips. iniO, 4to) ; Betuleius, Paraphrasis (Halle, 1G12, ICilT, Svo) ; Battiis, Commeninrii (Giypliisen. 1613, 4to) ; Lyscr, Analysis (Lips. 101 0, 4to); Parens, Commenta- rius (Heidell). 1G21, 4to; also in 0pp. iii); Crell, Cum- mintiirins (Kaconigi, 1()28, 8vo; also in 0pp. i, 373); Coutzen, Conimciitwins (Col. and Mog. IGol, folio); Hiinniel, Comiiuntarius (Jena, 1G41, 4to); Litliniann, ^r'C>IT>](yic (Upsal. 1G41, 4to); "Weinmann, Exercitationts (Altorf. 1C47, 4to) ; Terser, .Analysis (Upsal. 1649, 4to) ; Lusbington, Commentai-ij (Lend. 1G50, Ibl.) ; Cocceius, Commmturius {0pp. v.); also J£.rplicutio {lb. xii, 10!)); Feurborn, Expositio {Giess. 1G53, 1669, 4to) ; Chemnitz, ColUffium (Jen. 1656, 1663, 4to); *Kunadus, Disputati- ones (Vitenib. 1G58, 4to) ; Ferguson, Exposition (Edinb. 1G57, Lun<l. 1841, 8vo); Lagus, Commeniatio (Grypli. 1G64, 4t()); *Stolberg, Lecfiones (Vitemb. 16G7, 4to); Kronnaj'er, Conimentarius (Lips. 1670, 4to) ; Mommas, Mcditatiunes (Hag. 1678, Svo) ; Van der Waeyen, Veik- laariiiff (Lebard. 1682, Svo; also in Latin, Franecker, 1681, 4to) ; *Steengracht, Vitlegriing (Ench. 1688, 4to) ; *Schmid, Commentaiio (Kilon. 1690, Hamb. 169G, 1704, 4to) ; Leydekker, i?i ep. ad Gal. (Tr. ad Kh. 1694, 8vo) ; *Akersloot, an de GuL (Leyd. 1G95, 4to; in German, Brem. 1699, 4to); *Spener, ErMavimcj (F. a. M. 1677, 1714, 4to); Aurivilius, Animadversiones (Halle, 1702, 4to); Locke, Pa?'a;)/«?Y(se (Lend. 170r3, 1733, 4to) ; AVei- sius, Commentarius (Helmst. 1705, 4to) ; Mayer, Disser- taiiones (Grypb. 1709, Svo); Van Dyck, AunmerJcinfj (Anist. 1710, Svo) ; Boston, Parajyhrase (in Worls, vi, 240) ; Hazevoet, Ve7-Muaiing (Leyd. 1720, 4to) ; Vitrin- ga, De h: an d. Gal. (Franeq. 1728, 4to) ; *Plevier, Virklaaring (Leyden, 1738, 4to) ; Eambach, ErUdrung (Gies=. 1739, 4to) ; Murray, ErUdrung (Lips. 1739, Svo) ; Wessel, Commentarius (L. Bat. 1750, 4to) ; Hofi'niann, Introditctio (Lips. 1750, 4to) ; *Struensee, ErTcldnmg (Flensb. 1764, 4to) ; Baumgarten, Auslegvng (\\n\. 17G7, 4to); Micliaelis, Anmerk. (2d ed. Gotting. 17G9, 4to) ; Zachariii, Ei-kldr. (Gotting. 1770, Svo) ; Moldcnhauer, Evkldrung (Hamb. 1773, Svo) ; Cramer, Versuch (in the Beitrdge zu Beford. i, 112 sq.); Chandler, Parcqihrase (London, 1777, 4to) ; Weber, Anmerkungen (Lpz. 1778, 8vo) ; Semler, Paraphrasis (LLil. 1779, 8vo) ; Lavater, Umschnibung (in Pfenniger's Mogciz. i, 33-72); Eic- caltoun, NoUs (in Works, iii); Anon. Erkldr. (in the Bcitrar/e zu Befurd. v, 126 sq.) ; Esmarch. Uthersetzung (Flensbiirg, 1784); Schutze, Scholia (Ger. 1784, 4to); Koos, Auslegwg (Tub. 1784, 1786, Svo); Mayer, An- merk. (Wien, 1788, Svo) ; Krause, Anmerkungen (Frkf. 1788, Svo) ; Stroth, Erkliir. (in Eichhorn's Peperi. iv, 41 sq.); Schilling, Anmerkungen (Leipzig, 1792, 8vo); Carpzov, Uebersetzung (Helmstadt, 1794, Svo); Moms, Acroases (Lips. 1795, Svo); also Erkldr. (Gorl. 1798, Svo); Anonym. Anmerk. (in Ilenke's li/agaz. ii, 22); Bair, E.rplicatio (Frcft. 1798, Svo); Hensler, Anmerk. (Li)Z. 1805) ; Borger, Jnterpretalio (L. Bat. 1807, Svo) ; * Winer, Commcnlarius (Lips. 1821, 1828, 1829, 1859, Svo); Anon. Ucbers. (Neust. 1827, Svo): Fl:i't, Vorle;^. (Tiib. 1x28. Svo); Paulns, Evlduteruvg rAcid^lh. 1831, Svo); Hermann, /iipnwjs 3 fcrp. (Lips. 1832, 4to); *L^s- tcri, Commentar (Ziir. 1833, Svo) ; '''jMatthies, Erkld- Tung (Greifs. 1833, Svo) ; *Enckcrt, Commentar. (Lpz. 1833, Svo) ; Fritzsche, De iwnmdUs loci', etc. (Eostock, 1833-4, 4to) ; Zschocke, ErUdrung (Ilalle, 1834, Svo) ; Scliott, Erkldr. (L]iz. 1834, Svo); Sardinoux, Commen- taire (Valence, 18.37, Svo) ; A\'indischmnnn, Erkldning (IMainz, 1843, Svo) ; Barnes, Notes (N. Y. 1844. 12mo)'; Bannigarten-Crusiiis, Ga'attrbricJ" (in E.reg. Srhriften, IF, ii), Haldane, Exposition (F-ondon, 1848, Svo); 01s- hausen, Commenturi/ (tr. lulinb. 1851, Svo); *Hilgen- feld, Erkldrung OIaWq, 1852, Svo); Brown, Exposition (Edinl). 1853, Svo); iM idler, Erkldrung (Hamb. 1853, Svo) ; *Ellicott, Commentarg (Lond. 1854, 1859, Andov. 1864, Svo) ; *Tnrner, Com'r.nntLtrii (N. Y. 1855, Svo) ; Jatho, 7?r/a>//fn<M/7 (IFildesheini, 1856, Svo); Afiaskei-, Audegrtng (Lpz. 1856, Svo); M-eyer, Galatp-bi-ief (in Commentar, vii, Gotting. 1857, Svo); Bagge, Commen- tary (^London, 1857, Svo) ; Frana, Commentarius (Goth.
1857, Svo) ; Twele, Predigttn (Hann. 1858, Svo) ; AViese. lor, Commentar (Gotting. 1859, Svo) ; Jovvctt, Nctes (in Epistle, i, London, 1859, Svo); Gwinne, Commentai;/ (Dubl. 1863, Svo); Lightfoot, AVes (Lond. 1855, Svo)'; Eeithmayer, Commentar (Jliinch. 1865, Svo) ; Vomel, Anmerk. (Frcft. a. M. 1865, Svo) ; Matthias, Erkldi'ung (Cassel, 18G5, Svo) ; *Eadie, Commentary ((Jlasg. 1869, Svo); Brandes, /'Ve//<ei7si?ip/"(Wiesb. 1869, 8vo). See Epistle.
Gal'banum (niSbn, chtlhenah'., according to Fiirst, Ilebr. Ilandwb. s. v., from 'Zf'n,/at, i. e. resin, gum; Sept. and Viilg. merely Grajcize and Latinize, Xa\l3dvi], galbanum') is mentioned in Exod. xxx, 34 as one of the substances from which the incense for the sanctuary was to be prepared: " 'J'ake unto thee sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbamim." The Hebrew word is so very similar to the Greek ;;^;f(/\/irt'- )'?;, which occurs as early as the time of Hijjpocrates, that the}^ may be presumed to have a common origin. The substance is more particularly described by Dios- corides (iii, S ; comp. i, 71), who gives ptrwTriov as an additional name, and states that it is an exudation produced bj' a ferula in Syria. So Pliny (xii, 25): " Moreover, we have from Syria out of the same moun- tain, Amanus, another kind of gum, called galbanum, issuing out of an herb-like fennelgeant, which some call by the name of the said resin, others stagonotis. The best galbanum, and which is most set bj', is gri.-ly and clear, withal resemliling hammoniacum." On the other hand, he describes the metojnon as the product of a tree near the oracle of Ammon (xii, 49). Theo- phrastus had long previously (Hist. PL ix, 7) said that galbanum flows from a Panax of Syria. In both cases it is satisfactory to find a plant of the same natural family of Umbellifera; pointed out as yielding this drug, because the plant has not yet been clearly ascer- tained. The Arabs, however, seem to have been ac- quainted with it, as they give its names. Thus "gal- banum" in Persian works has harzu. assigned to it as the Arabic, birerja as the Hindostani, with khulyan and mefonion as the Greek names (evident corruptions of xa\j3dn] and ptriOTTiov, arising from e:rors in the reading of the diacritical points) : Kinneh and nafil are stated to be the names of the plant, which is de- scriljed as being jointed, thorny, and fragrant (Eoyle, Illust. Uimal. Bot. p. 23). Lobel made an attempt to ascertain the plant by sowing some seeds which he found attached to the gum of commerce (Obs. p. 4.">1). The plant which was tlius obtained is the Ferula feru- Ingo (see Kiihn, On Lioscor. ii, 5.'!2) of Linnajus (Sys- tem,\i, 130 sq.), a native of Nortli Africa, Crete, and Asia Minor (see Jacquin, Ilort. Vindob. iii, pi. 36). It has been objected, however, that it does not yield gal- banum in any of tlrcse situations; but the same objec- tion might be made, though erroneously, to the mas- tich-trcc, as rot yielding mastich, because it does not do so except in a soil and climate suitable to it. Other plants, as the Bubon galbanum and gummiferum, have in consequence been selected, but with less claim, as the}' are natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The late professor Don, having found some seeds of an umViel- liferous ])liint sticking to the galbanum of commerce, lias named tiie plant, though yet unknown, Galbanum pjjiciniile. These seeds, however, may or may not have l)elonged to the gallianum jilant (see Froriep, Notizen, xxix, 12). Dr. Lindlo}- has suggested an- other plant, w hich lie has named Opoidia gcdbaniftra, and wiiich grows in Khorassan, in Durrud, whence s])ccimens were sent to England by Sir John M'Niell, as 3'ielding an inferior sort of ammoniacum. This plant has l)een adopted by the Duljlin College in their Pharmacopoeia as that wliich yields the galbanum (Pe- reira. Mat. Med. ii, \\i. ii, p.188). M. Bushe, in his Persian travels (quoted in Eoyle, Mat. Medicn, p. 471, 472), identified the plant i)roducing galbanum with one which he found on the Demaweiul mountains. It