Galfrid, Galfridus. See Geoffrey of Mon- mouth.
Gal'gala (r«'Xy«Xrt ; Vulg. G/iIgala), the ordinarj' equivalent in the Sept. for Gilgal. In the A.V, it is named only in 1 Mace, ix, 2, as designating the direc- tion of the road taken bj' the army of Demetrius, when they attacked Masaloth in Arbela — "the way to Gal- gala" (o^oi/ Ti)v tic rdXyaXa'). The army, as we learn from tire statements of Josephus (Ant. xii, 11, 1), was on its Vfay from Antioch, and there is no reason to doubt that by Arbela is meant the place of that name in Galilee now surviving as Irbid. Its ultimate des- tination was Jerusalem (1 Mace, ix, 3), and Galgala may therefore be either the upper Gilgal, near Bethel (Robinson, Researches, iii, 8), as Ewald thinks {Jsr. Gesch. Ill, ii, 370, n.), or the lower one near Jericho, as the route through the centre of the country, or (as is preferable) that through the Ghor, is chosen. Jose- phus omits the name in his version of the passage. It is a gratuitous supposition of Ewald's tiiat the Galilee which Josephus introduces is a corruption of Galgala — a view, however, which is favored by the j-eading in the margin of the above text, and which is adopted by Michaelis. — Smitli, s. v. See Gilgal 3.
Galicho or Galiko, Elisha een-Gakriel, a Jewish commentator, was born about the middle of the IGth century (1552.'). He was jiresident of the Rab- binic college at Safed, over Avhich Moses Galante (q. V.) at one time presided, and, like all the Safed men, was eminently cabbalistic. He wrote a commentary on Ecclesiastes (r^ilp hv "Tisa, Venice, 1578), which he divided into 27 sections, according to the number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet, including the finale. Ginsburg, in his Historical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes (Lond. 1861, p. 67, etc.), gives an analysis and specimen of this work. The most cabbalistic work ofGalicho's is his commentary on the book of Esther (^nCX hv "!^Xa, Venice, 1583). He wrote also a commentaiy on the " Song of Songs" ("1*^^ ^5 lj^"l''5
GALILiEAN
717
GALILEE
di"I^TlfrTj Venice, 1587), which has the Hebrew text and iioints, and in which he displaj's a genius for alle- gorical exposition. — Etheridge, Introd. to Hebr. Lit. p. 415 • Kitto, Cjclop. of Bibl. Lit. ii, 55 ; Fiirst, Bib. Jud. i,314. (J.H.W.)
Galilce'a-ii (TcCKCKaloq'), a native or inhabitant (John iv, 45, "of Galilee," Matt, xxvi, (19; Acts i, 11; V, 37) of Galilee (q. v.) ; applied to the disciples of Christ as a term of contempt (Luke xxii, 59 ; Acts ii, 7). They were easil}^ recognised as such, for the Gal- ilaeans spoke a dialect of tha vernacular Syiiac differ- ent from that of Judiua, and which was of course ac- counted rude and impure, as all provincial dialects are considered to be, in comparison with that of the me- tropolis. It was this which occasioned the detection of Peter as one of Christ's disciples (Mark xiv, 70). The Galilxan dialect (as we learn from Buxtorf, Lex. Tdhn. col. 434 ; Lightfoot, Cent, choror/r. in Matt, proem, c. 86, 87 ; and others) was of a broad and rustic tone, which aftected the pronunciation not only of letters, but of words. It partook much of the Samaritan and Syriac idiom; but, in the instance of Peter, it niust have been the tone which bewrayed him, the words being seemingly too few for that effect. (See A. Pfeif- fer, Dissert, de lingua Galilcenr. ; also in his de Talmude Jiulcem: p. 137 sq.) The Galilteans are mentioned b}' Josephus {Ant. xvii, 10, 2 ; War, ii, 10, 6 ; iii, 3, 2) as a turbulent and rebellious people, ready on all occasions to rise against the Roman authority. This character of them explains what is said in Luke xiii, 1 witli i-e- gard to "tlie Galileans whose blood Pilate had min- gled with their sacrifices." Josephus, indeed, does not mention any Galilreans slain in the Temple by Pilate ; but the character which he gives that people sufficient- ly corroborates the statement. The tumults to which he alludes were, as we know, chiefly raised at the great festivals, when sacrifices were slain in great abun- dance ; and on al! such occasions tlia Galila3ans were much more active than the men of Judrea and Jerusa- lem, as is proved liy the history of Archelaus (Joseph. Ant. xvii, 9, 10); which case, indeed, furnishes an an- swer to those who deny that the Galila\ans attended the feasts with the rest of the Jews. The seditious character of the Galilreans also explains why Pilate, when sitti-'j; in judgment upon Jesus, caught at tl;o word Galileo when used liy the chief priests, and asked if he were a Galilean (Luke xxiii, 6). To be known to belong to that countr}' was of itself sufficient to prejudice Pilate against him, and to give some counte- nance to the charges, unsupported by impartial evi- dence, which were preferred against him, and which Pilate himself had, just liefore, virtually declared to be fiilse. See Otho, Lex. Rah. p. 254 sq. — Kitto, s. v.
GALILEANS, one of the names of reproach given to the earl}"^ Christians. It was the ordinary phrase of Julian the apostate, when he spoke of Christ or Christians. lie was accustomed to call Christ '• the Galilfean God." Not only did he use this epithet him- self, liut made a law, requiring that no one should call thj Christains by any other name, thinking thereby to abolish the name of Christians. He died fighting against them ; and as he caught the blood in his hand which flowed from a wound in his .side, he dashed it towards heaven, saying these memorable words : Vi- cisli, 0 Galilee! "Thou hast conquered, 0 Galilaean !" — Bingham, O/'j'gf. Eccles. bk. i, ch. ii, § 2.