GALE
715
GALEED
was called by tlie natives Khassuch, and bore a ven' cloje resemblance to the Ferula eruhescens, but belong- ed neither to the genus Gall)anum nor to Opoidea. It is believed that the Persian galbanum and that brought from the Levant are the produce of different plants. See Akomatics.
Galbanum is in the present day imported into Eu- rope both from the Levant and from India. That from tlie latter country is exported from Bomliay, hav- ing (irst been imported thither, probably from tlie Per- sian Gulf. It is therefore jjroljable that it may be produced in the countries at tlie liead of that gulf, that is, in the northern parts of Arabia, or in Persia (por- tions of which, as is well known, wei-e included in the Sj'ria of the ancients) ; perhaps in Kurdistan, which nearh' corresponds witli ancient Assyria. Galbanum, then, is either a natural exudation, or obtained by in- cisions from some umbelliferous jilant. It occurs in commerce in the form either of tears or masses, com nionly called lump galbanum. The latter is of the con- sistence of wax, tenacious, of a brownish or brownish- yellov\' color, with white spots in the interior, which are the agglutinated tears. Its odor is strong and balsamic, but disagreeable, and its taste warm and bitter. It is composed of Gli per cent, of resin and G of volatila oil, with gum, etc., and impurities. It was formerly held in high esteem as a stimulant and anti- spasmodic medicine, and is still employed as such, and for external application to discuss indolent tumors. The ant'ients believed that when burnt the smoke of it was efficacious in driving away serpents and gnats (Pliny, xii, 56; xix, 58; xxiv, 13; Virgil, Georcj. iii, 415; Calpurn. V, 90; Lucan, ix, OIG). Galbanum was also employed in adulterating the opobalsamum, or gum of the balsam plant (Plinj', xii, 54). It is still more to our purpose that we learn from Dioscorides that, in prt paring a fragrant ointment, galbanum was mixed ^^ ith other aromatic subst.inces (cam pare Plinj', xiii, 2). The effect of such mixture must depend upon tlie proportion in which it or any other strong-smelling substance is intermixed, more than upon what is its peculiar odor when in a concentrated state. We need not, therefore, inquire into the reasons which have been assigned to account for galbanum being inter- mixed with stacte and onycha as sweet spices (see Ka- lisch, ad loc). We see that the same practice existed among the Greeks and Egyptians (Virgil, Genrgics, iv, 2G4 ; Colum. ix, 15, etc.). See Pennjj Cgrlojia'dia, s. V. ; Celsius, Hieroh. i, 267 sq. ; Jlichaelis, Suppl. iii, 753 sq. ; Ililler, Ilierophjt. i, 450. — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. V. See Anointing Oil.
Gale, John, a Baptist divine and learned contro- vertist, was born at London in 1G80. He studied at the University of Leyden, and at the age of nineteen graduated M.A. and doctor of philosoph)'. He studied also at Amsterdam under Limborch, and was intimate with Le Clare. The University of Leyden in 1703 offered him the degree of doctor of divinity if he would assent to the articles of the Synod of Dort. He be- came, in 1718, minister of the chapel in St. Paul's Al- ley, Barbican. But his ministry was of sho:t dura- tion. He died in 1721, at the age of 41. In 1711 he published his Rcjlections on Wall's Dcfncc of Ivfmt Baptism, and in 1719 held a dispute with the autiior. He was also the author of Sermons on sercral Occasions (2d ed. 1726,4 vols.). He was an able preacher, highly appreciated by the respectable congregation to which he ministered, and brought to the discussion of matters in controversy large, exact, and well-digested learn- ing, with no small dialectical skill. (L. E. S.).
Gale, Theophilus, a learned nonconformist di- vine, was born in 1G28, at King's Teignton, in Devon- shire. Ho entered ."Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1G47, and became fellow in 1G50. In 1652 he passed A.M., and soon became an eminent tutor and a distinguished preacher in the universitj'. In 1G57 he was invited to Winchester, and became a stated preacher there, in
I which station he continued for several years. Having, 1 imbibed the principles of the nonconformists, on the re-establishment of episcopacy, at the restoration of Charles the Second, he refused to comply with the Act ; of Uniformit)' which passed in 1661. Deprived of his j fellowship at Oxford, he was taken into the family of Philip, lord Wharton, in the capacity of tutor to his two sons. He was a diligent and multifarious stu- dent. In 1669 he published the first part of The Court of the Gentiles; or, a Discourse touching the Original if ' human Literature, both Phihihgy and Philosophg^froin the Scriptures and Jewish Church (Oxford and London 5 vols. 4to). It was received with great applause, and ! was reprinted in 1G72-1682. " In the first part of this I learned work, Mr. Gale endeavors to ])rove that all lan- I guages have their origin and rise from the Hebrew. j To this he adds a deduction, importing that the ])agan ; theologj', phj'sic, politics, poetry, history, rhetoric, are [ deduced from sacred names, persons, rites, and rec- ords; and showing, withal, how the Jewish traditions came to be corrupted and mistaken In' pagans. In the second part he tries to prove that philosophj^ also has its origin from the Jewish Church. In the third part, the vanity of pagan philosophy is demonstrated from its causes, parts, properties, and effects ; namely, pagan idolatiy. Judaic apostasy. Gnostic infusions, er- rors among the Greek fathers, especially Origenism, Arianism, Pelagianism, and the whole system of pop- ery, or anti-Christianism, distributed into three parts, mystic, scholastic, and canonic theology. In the fourth part he treats of reformed philosophy, wherein Plato's moral or metaphysic, or prime philosophy, is reduced to a useful form or method. He divides this, which is larger than any of the former parts, into three liooks, j discoursing in the first of moral philosophy ; in the 1 second, of metaphysics ; and in the third, of divine pre- { determination." In 1677 he was chosen to succeed Mr. ; Powe as pastor. He died at Newington, 1678. Bs- '■ sides The Court of the Gentiles, he published in Latin ' an abridgment of it for the use of students, under the 1 title o^ Philosopihia Gemrulis, etc. (Lond. 1676, Svo) : — I Theophily ; or, a Discourse of the Saints' A m-tgirith God in Christ (Lond. 1671, 8vo) : — The true Idea of Jansen- ism, both historic and dogmatic (1669, 8vo) : — The Anat- omy of Difddily (1672, 8vo) : — A Discmtrse on the com- ing of Christ (1673, 8vo) : — Idea Theologicv, etc. (12mo) : — and The Life and Death of Thomas Tregasse (1671, 8vo). — Jones, Christ. Biog. ; Shedd, Hist, of Dot t. i, 205. Gale, Thomas, D.D., a learned English divine and antiquarian, was born in 1636 at Scruton, in York- shire. He became fellow of Trinity, and was elected regius professor of Greek in 1666; was made prebend- arj' of St. Paul's in 1676, and dean of York in 1697. j He died April 8, 1702. He published Opuscida My- thologicn, etc., Gr. and Lat. (Camb. 1671, 8vo) : — Ilisto- rix Poeticm antiqui Scriptores, Gra'ce et Latine : — Ilero- doti Halicarnassensis I/iftoriar^im, lib. ix : — Historim Britannicw, Saxonicce, Anglo-Danicre Scriptores tv, ex vefust. codd. MS. (Oxon. 1691, fol.). This work con- tains nearly all the original writers of English histoiy. Ga'lecid (Heb. Galed', I^IP^, the heap of the iclt'