Among the profane writers, Herodotus mentions Palestine, and probablj^ Jerusalem, whicli he nr.mes Cadytis (Herod, i, 105; ii, lOH, 157, 159; iii, 5, C2, C4, 91; iv, ."9). Strabo (in the time of Augustus) treats of Palestine in the second chapter of his sixteenth book on Geograjihy, mingling together much truth and much error. Ptolemy, who died A.D. 161, treats of Palestine and the neighboring countries in chaps, xv-xvii of his fifth book (see Roland, p. -156 sq.). Dion Castius re- lates the conquest of Palestine by Pompey (xxvii, 15- 17), the siege of Jerusalem by Titus (Ixi, 4-7), tlie res- toration of the Temple b}" Hadrian, and the insurrec- tion of the Jews under the same emperor (lix, 12-14). Of the Roman writers, Pliny, in his Natvred Hist, (v, 13-19), treats of Syria, including Palestine, and sup- plies much useful information. Tacitus's History^ from the first to the thirteenth chapter of the fifth book, also relates to our subject. He hated both Jews and Christians (Annal. xv, 44), and in consequence gave false colorings to much of wliat he said relating to them (Uist. v, 3, 4 ; ii, 79 ; A final, ii, 42 ; xii, 23). Some information may also be found in Justin (xxxvi, 2), in Suetonius (Augustus, do; Claudius, 25, 2S; Vespasian,
GEOGRAPHY
794
GEOLOGY
4, 5 ; Tllus, 4, 5), in Pomponius Mela (i, 2), and in Am- niianus Marcellinus (xiv, 8; xxiii, 1).
Among the fathers of the ('Inirch much serviceable knowledge on the subject of Biblical geography may be found in the expository writings of Tlieodoret and Jerome. The most important work, however, is the Ononi'istlcon urbium et loconim sacrce Scripiin-ce (ed. J. Bonfrerii, 1707). Living as they did for a long time in Palestine, the writings both of Eusebius and Jerome possess peculiar value, whicli, however, grows less as the times of wiiich tiicy s])eak recede from their own.
Some Arabian writers are not without value. We •have Edrisi, Ceofjraphia Xuhiensis (Paris, 1619) ; also Abulfeda3 Tahulu Syria, and his Annales 3Iushmici. Schultens, in his Inle.r. Geogrciphicus in Vitam Saladini (Lugduni Batav. 1732), has collected many observa- tions of Arabian authors on Palestine. See also Ro- senmilller, ILind). Bibl. A Iterth. i, 34 ; Rittei', Ei'dkunde, ii, 478. — Kitto, s. v. ; Smitli, s. v. Earth.
iSIoderu works of travel in Bilile countries have con- tributed much original information on this subject. They are too numerous, especially those on Palestine (q. v.), to be enumerated here in datail. Some of them may be seen in Darling's Ci/clopcedia, col. 1819 sq. ; and most of them are referred to under each country in this work. The following lists embrace the most important in the several classes, including the above :
a. Ancient and Medieval Writers uho have incident- alh) furnished Inform ition on Sacred Georjr.iphj. — The chief text-book is of course the Bible. Next to this are (1.) Jewish — The Apocri/pha ; Josephus, Opera (ed. Hudson, 1720, 2 vols. fol.). Traill's translation of the War (London, 1851, 2 vols.) contains important notes and illustrations. (2.) I/e/ithm — Herodotus, especially Kawlinson's translation (Loud, and N. York, 1858-GO, 4 vols.) ; Strabo, Geographia (ed. Casaubon, Geneva, 1587) ; Plinj', Jlistoria Naturalis (ed. Sillig, Geneva, 1831-36, 5 vols.). Dio Cassius (Hamburg, 1752) gives some short notes on Palestine. Thi fjw remarks in Tacitus and Livy are of little v.ilue. (.5.) Chridian, — Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, in /Hs- toritv. Eccles. Scriptor. Graci (1635, 3 vols, fol.); Je- rome, O/jera (ed. Migne, 9 vols. 8vo) ; Theodoret, Cyjera (ed. Migne, 5 vols.). In the exegetical writings of Jeronij and Theodoret are some useful notes; they both resided in Palestine. AVilliam of Tyre, Historia Belli Sacri; James de Vitr}', Historia Orientalis, etc. (these two works, with several others, are contained in Bonger's Gesta Dei per Francos, fol. IGll); Chrowcles of the Crusades (ed. Bohn, 1848), containing Richard of Devizes, Geoffrey de Vinsauf, and De Joinville.
b. Geographical Works and Itineraries. — Ptolemy, Geographia (fol. 1535) ; Tabula Peufingeriana, a rude chart of the Roman empire, made in the 3d century. Eeland gives the part including Palestine. Eusebius and Jerome, Ononutsticon Urbium et Locorum S. Soij)- iurce (ed. Clerico, fol. 1707 ; last edit. Ijy Larsow and Parthey, Ber. 1862) ; Vetera liomnnnrum Itineraria (ed. AVesselingio, 1735), containing the important itinera- ries of the Bordeaux pilgrim, and of Antonine, with Sgneklnms of Ilierocles ; Edrisi, Geographia Univer- salis (in Rosenniiiller's Anil'cta Arabica, 1828); To- pographical Index in Bohadlni Vita et Res Gestce Sala- dini (ed. Schultens. folio, 1732); Brocardus, Locorum Terne San. IJe.<cripfio (ed. Clerico, appended to the Owmms'.icdn, folio, ]7()7) ; Al)ulfeda, Tabula Si/rinca (176G) ; Bochart, Opej-a (ed. ],cusdon ct Yillemandy, 1712, 3 vols, fol.) ; Sanson, Geographia Sacra (ed. Cleri- co, folio, 1704) ; Caroli A. S. Paulo, Geographia Sacra (ed. Holsten, fol. 1704) ; Cellarius, Noiilin OrUs Artii- qui (1701-5, 2 vols. 4to) ; Wells, Historical Genr/raphy of the 0. and N. T. (1819, 2 vols.); Iceland, rdlirstina ex monumentis veteribus Illustraid (1714, 2 vols. 4to); Busching. Erdbeschreibiing, Paliislina, Ara"bien, etc. (1785); Rosenmiiller, Bib. iieogr. of Cer^tral Asia (by Morrcn, 1836, 2 vols.) ; Raumer, Palastina (1850) ; For- ster. Historical Geography of A rabia (1844, 2 vols.) ;
Riihr, nistorico-Geograph. Account of Palestine (1843); Ritter, Die Sinai- Halbinsel, Pulusiina und Si/rien (1848- 55, 4 vols, in six parts ; an English transl. has appear- ed, Lond. 1868, 2 vols.) ; Kitto, Physical Geography of Palestine (1841, 2 vols.) ; Conj'beare and Howson, life of St. Paul (1855, 2 vols. 4to) ; Smith, Voyage and Ship- ureck of St. Paul (2d ed. 185G) ; Porter, Hand-book for Syria and Palestine (1858, 2 vols.) ; Van de Velde, Me- moir of Map of Palestine (1858) ; Robinson, Phys. Geog. of the Holy Land (1865).