c. Books of Travel.- — Wright's Early Travels in Pal- estine (1848, containing, among otheis, Arculf, Saewulf, Benjamin of Tudela, Maundeville, and Maundrell); Cotovicus, Ifinefarinin Hierosolymitanvm (1G19) ; Qua- resmius, Historia Theologica et J/oralis Terne Sanctm Elucidatio (1639, 2 vols, fol.) ; D'Arvieux, Travels in Arabia the Desert (1732); Shaw, Travels in Barbary and the Levant (1808, 2 vols.) ; Pococke, Description of the East (1743-45, 2 vols, fol.) ; Hasselquist, Travels in the Levant (176G) ; Niebuhr, Travels through A raliia (1792, 2 vols.); Yolney, Voyage en Syrie, etc. (Paris, 1807, 2 vols.) ; All Bey, Travels in Morocco, Egypt, Syr- ia, etc. (1816, 2 vols. 4to) ; Seetzen, Reisen du7-ch Syi'- ien, Palastina, etc. (1854-55, 3 vols.) ; Burckhardt, Trav- els in Syria (1822, 4to) ; Travels in Arabia (1829, 4to) ; iVotes on the Bedouin and Wahabys (1830, 4to) ; Travels in Xubia (1822, 4to) ; Buckingham, Travels in Palestine (1822, 4to) ; Travels among the Arab Tribes (1825, 4to) ; Irljy and Mangles, Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor, etc. (1822) ; Laborde, Journey through A ruhia Petriea to Sinai ami Petra (1838) ; Lord Lind- saJ^ Letters on Egypt, Edorn, and the Holy Land (1838, 2 vols.) ; Addison, Damascus and Palmyra (1838, 2 vols.); Bowr'm's, Report on Statistics of Syria (1840); Williams, The Holy City (1849,2 vols.) ; Bartlett, Forty Days in the Desert (5th ed.); Walks about Jerusalem; Jerusalem Revidted (1855); Footsteps of our Lord and his Apostles (1852) ; Wilson, La7ids oflhe Bible (1847, 2 vols.) ; Tobler, Bethlehem (1849) ; Topographie von Je- rusalem und stinen Umgebungen (1853-54, 2 vols.) ; Lj'nch, Official Itepirt of ETpeditlon to Explore the Dead Sea, etc. (1852, 4to) ; Xarratire of Expedition, etc. (1849); De ^.xv\\cy. Narrative of Jourmy round the Dead Sea, etc. (1853, 2 vols.) ; Van de Velde, Nar- rative of Journey through Syria and Pcdestine (1854, 2 vols.) ; Lspsius, Discoveries in Egypt, the Peninsida of Sinai, etc. (1853) ; Robinson, Biblical Researches in Pal- estine in 1838-52, 2d edit. (185C, 3 vols.) ; Porter, Five Years in Damwicus, Researches in Palmyra, Lebanon, and Bashan (1855, 2 vols.); Layard, Nlnenh and its Remains (1849) ; Nineveh and Babylon (1853) ; Loftus, Chaldea and Snsiana (1857) ; Stanley, Sinni and Pales- tine (1856) ; Thomson, The Land and the Book (1858). In addition to the above, important articles on Biblical Geograjihy and Topography may be seen in various numbers of the American Bibliotheca Sacra, the Joxir- nal of Sacred Literature, and the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, by Rol)inson, Thomson, Porter, Rawlinson, Layard, Wallin, Poole, Ainsworth, and oth- ers.
fZ. The best small maps are those in Robinson's Re- searches (1st edit.) and Porter's Hand-book; Van de Vclde's large map of Palestine is the most complete and accurate hitherto published (2d ed. 1865) ; Henke'.s Bibel-Atlas ((iotha, 1868) is valuable for the ancient divisions. — Kitto, s. v.
Geology, the science that treats of the earth's crust, its rock}' strata, and the fossil remains found in tliem. Its interest to the Biblical student chiefly arises from its bearings upon the Mosaic account of the creation. (See IM'Caul, Notes on Gen. i [London, 1861] ; Challis, Creation [Lond. 1861] ; Pratt, Geneal- 0(py of Creation [Lond. 1861] ; Christ. Uemembrancer, Apr. 1861; Evang. Review, Oct. 1861; Kecrl, Einh. d. bib. Urgesch., etc. [Basle, 1863] ; Von Schleiden, Das Alter des Menschen Geschlechts [Lpz. 18G3] ; Freewill Baptist Quarterly, Apr. 18G4 ; Burton, Creation [Loud.
GEOLOGY
19L
GEOLOGY
383G]; Dawson, Archaia [Loml. 18G2] ; Gloag, Rela- tions of Geolo[i!i to Theology [Edinb. 1858] ; Huxtable, Jiecord of Creation Vindicated [London, 18G1] ; Ilutton, Chronol. ef Creation [Lend. 1800] ; Lime, Mosaic Rec- ord [Edinburgh, 1857] ; Anon. /Saci-ed Geologt/ [Lend. 1847 I ; Sumner, Records of Creed ion [0th ed., London, 1850] ; Wight, Mosaic Creation (Lond. 18-17] ; Crofton, Geoloffi/ and Genesis [London, 1851] ; Young, Scriptural Geology [London, 1810] ; De Serres, La Cosnwgoiiie de jT/oise [Par. 1840; in Germ., Tlib. 1841] ; Bosizo, //ea-a- emeron und Geologic [Mainz, 1805] ; IJorison, TViC Creative Week^ art. v o? Replies to ^'■Essays und Re vines" [Lond. and N. Y. 1802] ; Lewis, God's Week of Work [Lond. 1805] ; Amer. I'resb. Rev. Oct. 1805 ; Poole, Genesis of Earth and Man [2d ed. Lond. 1860] ; Wolf, Die Urge- schichte [Homb. 1800]; Baltzer, SchopfungsgescMchte [Lpz. 1807 sq.] ; Brit, and For. Evang. Rev. Apr. 1867 ; Keusch, Bihel vnd Natur [Freib. 1800] ; Lucas, Bihlic. Ant. of Man [Lond. 1800] ; Pitcairn, Ages of the Earth [Lond. 1808] ; Worgan, The Divine Week [Manchester, 1864] ; Wriglit, Geology and Antiquity of Earth [Lond. 1804] ; Anon. Phys. Tluory of the Earth [Lond. 1804] ; M'Causland, The Adamite [Lond. 1804]; Giirtner, Bi- belund Geologie [Stuttg. 1808].) See Creation.
I. History f the Inquiry.- — (This we condense from Pattison, The Earth and the Word, Lond. 1858, p. 123- 139.) The prevalent opinion among the learned for upwards of two centuries after the revival of letters ■was that organic remains were mere mineral concre- tions. Hypotheses were invented purporting to ac- count for their production in methods quite worthj' of the school of subtle philosophy' whence they issued. This was maintained, not by obscure monks, but by really accomplished persons, the liglits of natural his- tor}' in their daj', such as Fallopio, Mercati, and Olivi in Italy, Plot and Lister in England, and Agricola in German}'.