of Semi-pelagianism. The bishop, offended by this recrimination, asseml)led a council at ^lentz, A.D. 848, to which he cited Gottschalk, condemned him as a heretic, and sent him for justice to the archbishop of Eheims, Hincmar, his proper judge, to whom he wrote a synodal letter, concluding with these words: "We send to you this vagabond monk, in order that you may shut him up in his convent, and prevent him from propagating his false, heretical, and scandalous doctrine." Hincmar was one of the most learned men of his time, but he was also the vainest of his knowl- edge, and the most fiery. He was delighted to have an occasion for showing his talent for controversy and his zeal for the Church. Having ordered Gottschalk to appear before him, he questioned him, and found him to be firm to his principles ; from that time he became his irreconcilaVde enemy. He assembled a council of thirteen bishops at the castle of Quiercy, in Picardy, A.D. 849, to which he invited Charles the Bald, and had the doctrine of Gottschalk examined before that prince. The unfortunate, but intrepid monk was condemned as a heretic, suspended from the sacerdotal ofKee, declared incapable of teaching, and unworthy of libert}-, cruelh- flogged before the king and bishops, and shut up for the remainder of his life in the abbey of Haiitvillers. Such barbarous treat- ment, far from restoring Gottschalk to the Church, only revolted his proud and independent spirit, and confirmed him in his opinions. He died in prison, in the monastery of Hautvillers, Oct. 30, }Q7. When he was at the point of deatli, the monks who had the care of him gave notice of it to Hincmar, and a^ked him how they were to treat him. Hincmar had the crucl- t}- to send to Gottschalk a formulary of faith, with an order to sign it, on pain of being deprived of the last sacraments, and of ecclesiastical burial. Gottschalk rejected it with indignation, and Hincmar's order was executed in all its rigor: nevertheless, the treatment he had undergone was censured by a large portion of the clergy of France. Lupus, abljot of Fcrrieres, Ful- gentius, bishop of Troves, and Kenii, bishop of Lyonr, highly disapproved of it. IJemi, among others, said, and repeated many times, that heretics had formerly been censured, not by blows, hut by reasoning. Ea- tramnus of Corby published an apology for Gottschalk, and proved, as far as it could be proved, that the doc- trine he had professed was that of St. Augustine, and bad always been that of the Catholic Church. John Scotus Erigena wrote against Gottschalk in his trea- tise De divina prccdestinatione contra Gottschnlcvm Mo- nachiim. The creed of the opponents of Gottschalk may be found set forth in four articles in Harduin, Concilia, V, 18, 19. Archbishop Usher pulilished a life of Gottschalk (Dublin, 1G31, 4to, and Uslier's Works, iv, 1) which was reprinted at Hanau in 1CG2 (8vo). Full accounts of the controversy may be found in Vos- sius, Ilktoria Pdagiana, lib. vii ; Mauguin, Vet. aucto- 7-itm, qui Sfec. ix de pradesiinatwne et gratia scripserunt Opera ct Fragmenta (forming the first part of his Vin- dicire Prade$tinatio7iis et Graiice, Paris, IGaO, 2 vols. 4to) ; Natalis Alexander, //«V. Kcehs. sac. ix, x. See also Hook, Eecl. Blogr. v, 341 ; Gieseler, (7;. Ui^tortf, per. iii, div. i, § 16; Mosheim, Ch. Histari/, cent, ix, pt. ii, ch. iii, § 22-25; Hase, Church Hist. § 214 ; especial- ly Neander, Chtirch History, iii, 472 480; Hagenhach, Uistorg of Doctrine^, § 183; Dupin, JJisiori/ of Eccles. Writers, cent, ix; Monnier, De GothescaJci et J.Scoti Erigeri'f Controversia (1853) ; Hoefer, jV"?/r. Bicgraph. Ghit'ndf, xxi, 242; Arnold, T/ieohgiral Critic, Slarch, 1852, art. iii ; Borrasch, Goitschiilk. scin Leltn u. stine Lehre (Thorn, 1868, 8v(>); Methodist Q?inrt<rlg, Julyj 1857, p. 352; lUgen, Zeitschrift f. d. h'st. Theol 1859, Heft 4.
Gouge, TIiomaF,, son of William, wa« liom at Bow, Middlesex, in 1005, was educated at Cambridge, and settled at St. .S 'pulchre's, London. He was a learned divine, an earnest preacher, most esempkry
GOUGE
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GOULART
tn attending to all the duties of his pastoral charge, vnd, by the excellent qualities and accomplisliments that distinguislied and adorned his charaeter, ho pos- sessed great and extensive influence among his cleri cal brethren, as well as in general society. "The vir- tue, however, which above all others shone brightest in him," says archbishop Tillotson, "and was his reign- ing attribute, was his cheerful and unwearied diligence in acts of pious charity. In this he left behind him all that ever I knew, and had a singular sagacity and prudence in devising the most effectual ways of doing good. For the last nine or ten j-ears of his life, he did almost wholly apply his charity to Wales, because there he judged there was most occasion for it; he did not only la}' out whatever he could spa:re out of his own estate, but employed his whole time and pains to ex- cita and engage the charity of others for assisting him in it. By the large and bountiful contributions thus obtained, to which he coiistiUitly added two thirds of his own income (amounting to £-00 a 3'ear), there were every j'ear 800, and sometimes 1000 poor children educated by his msans; and by this example several of the most considerable towns in Wales were excited to bring up, at their own charge, the like number of poor children in the like manner, and under his care and instruction. But which was tlie greatest work of all, and amounted indeed to a mighty charge, lie pro- cured a new and verj'ftiir impression of the Bible, and the liturgy of the Church of England, in the Welsh tongue, to the number of 8000; tlie former impression being spent, and not twenty of them to be had in all London. This was a work of such a charge that it was not liksl}' to Iiave been done in any other way. And always, but usualh'^ twice a 3'ear, he travelled over a great part of Wales, none of the easiest countries to travel in ; but for tlie love of God and man he cheer- fully endured all privations ; so that, all things consid- ered, tliere h.ive not, since the primitive times of Chris- tianity, been any among the sons of men to whom that glorious character of the Son of God might Ije better applied, that he '■ uent about do'im/ rjood.' '' lie died October, 29, 16S1. Among his writings are The Piin- c'p^es of Relifjion (1G79) : — Young Man's Guide to Ileare.i (11)81), and other practical treatises. His Works arc collected in one vol. 8vo, with a sketch of his life and Tillotson's funeral sermon at his burial (Lond. 170G). Ilis sermon on The Surest and Safest Way of Thrivinr/ was reprinted in 185G, with a sketch of his life by T. I'inney (Lond. li'mo). — Jainieson, Cyclop. ofBiographf, ji. •i.'.O; Tillotson, Workf, i, 2Go sq. ; Neal, Ili-ftor;/ of the Puritans, iii, 2J3 ; Allibone, Didionanj of Authiis, i. 710.