GOULDING
952
GOURD
pcncbnces (Amst. 1G18, 8vo): — Kpitre aux Ilemansirants I hood of JeriLho (''Ricinus in altitudinem arboris insi<^» M'allons (l(i20, 8vo) : — Traite de la pj-ovidtnce de JJieu | nis," Hasselquist, Trav. p. 555; see also Kobinson, lies, ct aittr€S])oinls independims, avec tine Refutalion du ser- i, 553). The Hebrew name kikayon is so similar to the mon de Jos. Poiijade contre les liiiq arllcks des Remnn- kiki of Dioseorides, that it was early thought to indi- Inints (1G27, 12m()); and eiyiht letters, two in Latin I cate the same idant. Dioseorides (iv, IW, TTfpi /cifCfajt) and six in French, in the Ej,idol.e Remonstranthim ec- ■ states tliat the klki, or crotu7i, is called wiLl sesanntm liy clesiasiiccB et theoLujiae (Amst. 1G84, fol.). See Niceron, some ; and proceeds to give in a few words a graphic Memoircs ; Bibl. remnnstraHtium ; Bayle, Diet. Hist.; description of tlic /sid/ii/s comniWRts, or castor-oil plant. Senebier, Jiistoire lilt, de Gmlue; llaajr, La France Pro! est aid e ; Iloefer, Nouc. Eio'j. Gin. xxi, 414.
Goulding, Thomas, D.D., a Presbyteri- an minister, was born at Jlidway, Liberty County, Ga., March 14, 178G. He was edu- cated at Walcott, Conn., studied law for a time, and was licensed in 1813. He supplied the church at "White Bluff soon after, and la- bored successfully there for about six years. In 1822 he removed to Lexington, Oglethorpe County, and was subsequently elected pro- fessor in the Theological Seminary of the Synod of South Carolina and Georgia. After many years of laborious service in the depart- ments of ecclesiastical history and Church government, he resigned, and was called in 1835 to his last charge in Columbus. He was for several j-ears in succession elected presi- dent of the board of trustees of Oglethorpe University, and died June 2G, 1848. — Sprague, Annals, iv, 491.
Gonrd is the rendering in the Auth. Vers. of two Hel). words.
1. Jonah's gourd ("ip";!?, Icika'jcn' , Sept. KifKo- K-i;j'7)/,Vulg. hedera\ the name of a plant that occurs only in Jon. iv, G-10 ; according to the Sept. and Pesh- ito, a gourd ; but according to Jerome (who underwent much obloquy for substituting '■'■ivy" for the ^^ r/ourd"' of the old Italic vers. ; see Davidson's Lib. Crit. i, 267), the Talmud, and the Hebrew interpreters generally, a species of ricinus, the prdma Christi, Arabic el-kherwa, Egj'ptian kik or kovki (Diod. Siculus, i, 3). From the statements of the text, it appears that the growth of the kikayoii was miraculous, but that it was probably a ]ilant of the country, being named specitically ; also that it was capable of affording shade, and might easi- ly be destroj'ed. There does not appear anything in this account to warrant us in considering it to be the ivy, which is a plant of slow growth, cannot support itself, and is, moreover, not lilvely to be found in the hot and arid countrj^ of ancient Nineveh, but which was adduced by Jerome probably only as a conjecture from the resemblance of its Greek name kktiuq to kiht- yon. That the Idkayon was thought to be a gourd seems to have arisen from the kiki of the Egyptians being the kheriva of the Arabs, often incorrectly writ- ton keroa, that is, without the aspirate, which makes it very similar to kiira when written in Roman charac- ters, which last in the East is applied to the gourd or pumpkin (Avicenna, e. C22), and is prolialdy the La- ;;enaria vulgaris. To this plant, no doubt, the follow- ing passages refer : ''The Christians and Jews of Mo- , sul (Nineveh) say it was not the keroa whose shadow , as "" herb, in India it frequently may be seen, especial- refreshed Jonah, but a sort of gourd, el-kera, which has '}' at the margins of fields, of the size of a tree. So at very large leaves, very large fruit, and lasts but about ! Busra, Niebuhr saw an ilhroa which had the form
Casto;-oil TLint (Ulchms Communis).
It has also been called Pentadactyhis and Pcdnia Chris- ti, from the palmate division of its leaves. It was known at much earlier times, as Hippocrates employed it in medicine ; and Herodotus mentions it l)y the name of aiWiKv-jrptoy (ii, 94) when speaking of Egypt : " The inhabitants of the marshy grounds make use of an oil which they term kiki, expressed from the Silli- eyprian plant." That it has been known there from the earliest times is evident from Caillaud having found castor-oil seeds in some very ancient sarcophagi. That the Arabs considered their kherwa to be tlie same plant is evident from Avicenna on this article, or khiricaa of the translation of Plempius (p. 301) ; so Serapion (iii, c. 79). But most decisive of all seems the derivation of the Hebrew word from the Egyptian kiki (Herodot. ii, 94 ; comp. Biihr, ad loc. ; and Jablon- sky, Opusc. pt. i, p. 110), established liv Celsius, witli whose arguments !Michaelis declares himself entirely satisfied (J. D. Jlich. Snpplem.') ; and conlirmcd by the Talmudical p"^p ""r-'r?) ^t^'-oil, prepared from the seeds of the ricinus (Buxtorf, Lex. Chald. Tidmud. col. 2029), and Dioseorides, iv, 1G4, where KptWwv ( = Palma Christi) is described under the name of kIko, and the oil made from its seeds is called kIkivov iXaiav (Jlo- senmiiller, p. 127). Lady Calcott states that the mod- ern Jews of London use this oil, by the name of oil of kik, for their Sabbath lamps, it being one of the five kinds of oil which tlieir traditions allow them to cm- ploy. The castor-oil plant attains a considerable .'ize in one season ; and though in Europe it is cnlj' known