derations Iheoloyiques et critiques sur le projet d''une nou- velle version fraiKjuise de la Bilile, piiblit I <in 1090, mus le nam de M. Ch. Lec'ene, etc. (Amst. 1098, 12nio), a vio- lent Calvinistic attack, accusing Lcccne's translation of f.ivoring Arminianism at the expense of correctness: — Commentarii Linguce Elraicce, etc. (Amst. 1702, fed. ; Lpz. 1743, 4to) : — Disputatloncs in Epistohm Puuli ad J/ebrceus et ad Leviticuni xviii, 4 (Amst. 1712, foL): — Ve'penp (Jroninganrp, sive arnica de rebus sacris collo- quia. u'A vai-ia sacrw Scripturte loca selecia expl'cantur (Amst. 1098, 8 vo; 2d edit. 1711, 8vo) :— Z»f riva deque mortua Eidc, docirina Jacobi aposfoli evoliita (Amst. 1090, 8vo): — Theses iheologiae de tiiporum int(rjretan- doriiin metkodo apostolica (at the end of the Schediasma Tlieologixe practicce of Herm. "Witsius, Groning. 17".9, 8vo). See Bayle, (Euires direrses, iii,e29; iv, 700, 773, and 837 ; Niceron, Memoircs, vols, ii and x ; Jawnal des Savants, 1702, No. 40; Meyer, Gesch. d. Schiifter- lda.rung,\o\. iv; Haag, Zn France Protestante ; Hoo- fer, Xoitv. Biog. G'enerale, xxi, 405 sq.
Gouttes, Jkan Louis, a French Eoman Catholic priest and political economist, was born at Tulle in 1740. He first entered the army, and soon after the Church. He was for a time curate of a place near Bordeaux, then of Argilliers (Languedoc), wlicre he remained until the beginning of the French Kevolu- tion. He had acquired great influence over the clergy of tiic diocese of Buziers, and was in 1789 sent as tiieir rep: csentative to the States General. Here, on Oct. 3, 1789, he advocated the abolition of the usury laws. He also seconded the motion of Talleyrand-Pcrigord, liish- op of Autun, proposing the sale of the property of the clergy. In February, 1791, he succeeded Talleyrand as bishop of Autun. But afterwards, opposing the ex- cesses of the Republican party, he was accused of re- actionary sympathies, arrested, judged, condemned, and executed, all in one daj-, March 20, 1794. He wrote Iheorie de I'inieret de Vargent, etc. (Paris, 1780, 12mo ; 2d edit., with a Defense, etc., 1782) -.—Projet de Rffijrme, ou reflexions soumises a rAssemhlee nafionale (1790, 8vo) : — Discours sur la vente des litns du clerge (April 12, 1790, 8vo) : — Expose des Principcs de la Con- stitution civile du Clerge, pur les eveques deputes a I'A s- semblie nationale (1790, 8vo) ; this latter work is under a collective name-, but Gouttes was its principal au- thor. See Monitetir tmiverscl {l~S\\ ll^Q); (Juerard, La France litteraire ; Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Genirale, xxi, 470. (J. N. P.)
Governnieiit of God. See Theodicy.
Government of the Hebkews. This we shall here treat in its secular or political relations, so far as these can be severed from the divine ordinances which underlie them all. See ]Mox.\rciiy.
1. Constitutional Form. —Tins varied materially in dif- ferent ages. With the Israelites, as with all other na- tions, unquestionably the earliest form of government was tiie patriarchal, and it subsisted among them long after many of tlie neighboring countries had exchanged it for the rule of kings. The patriarchs, that is, the heads or founders of families, exercised the chief power and command over their families, children, and domes- tics, without being responsible to any superior author- ity. Such was the government of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. So long as they resided in the land of Ca- naan they were subject to no foreign power, but tended tlieir flocks and herds wherever they chose to go (Gen. xiii, 0-12), and vindicated their wrong's byarnis wlien^ ever they had sustained any injury (Gen. xivX They treated with tlie petty kings who reigned in different parts of Palestine as their equals in dignity, and con- cluded treaties with them in their own right (Gen. xiv, 1.3, 18-24 ; xxi, 22-S2 ; xxvi, 10, 27-33 ; " xxxi, 44-5-1). See Patriahch.
The Hebrews having greatly increased in numbers in I'^gypt, it appeared \cYy evident that tliey could net live among nations given to idolatry without running
GOVERNMENT
955
GOVERNMENT
the hazard of becoming infected with the same evil. They were, therefore, in the providence of God, assign- ed to a particular country, the extent of which was so small, that they were obliged, if tlioj' would live inde- pendently of other nations, to y;ive up, in a great meas- ure, the life of shepherds, and devote thenjselves to ag- riculture. Besides, very many of the Hebrews, dur- ing their residence in Egj'pt, had fallen into idolatrous habits. These were to be brought back again to the knowledge of the true God, and all were to be excited to engage in those undertakings which should be found necessary for the support of the true religion. All the Mosaic institutions aim at the accomplishment of these objects, and the fundamental principle was tills — that the true God, the creator and governor of the universe, and none other, ought to be worshipped. To secure this end the more certainly, God became king to the Hebrews. Accordingly, the land of Canaan, which was destined to be occupied by them, was declared to be the land of Jehovah, of which lie was to be the king, and the Hebrews merely the hereditary occupants. God promulgated, from the summit of Mount Sinai, the prominent laws for the government of his people, considered as a religious community (Exod. xx) ; and these laws were aftersvards more fully illustrated and developed b}' Moses. The rewards which should ac- company the obedient, and the punishments M-hicli should be the lot of the transgressor, were at the same time announced, and the Hebrews promised by a solemn oatli to obey (Exod. xx-xiv ; Dent, xxvii-xxx). See Law.