4. ::'^VrJi Shallit', Ilcb. and Aram, (from li^C, to rjile, have power, Arab. id. crmp. Sultan) ; " one who hath power" (Eccles. viii, 8); "Ariocli, the king's captain" (Dan. 11,15); "Jcsciih, the governor over the land" (Gen. xiii, G) ; a "mighty man'' or hero (Eccles. vii, 19); a ''king" or satrap (Ezra iv, 20); Daniel, the third " ruler" (Dan. v, 29), etc. The verb z:h':i is also used in later Hebrew in the sense "to have power," of evil hours, evil spirits, etc
5. C]^'iX, .illuph' (from cbx ; Arab. id. tojoin, etc.); originally, one who is put over a "thousand," or wi^X, viz. the round niunber of families which constitute a clan or subdivision of a tribe (comp. old Saxon " Hun- dred"). It is first used of the chiefs, "dukes." of Edom (Gen. xxxvi; 1 Chron. i, 51); we f-zd it at a
GOVERNOR
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later psrioJ also applied to Jewish chiefs (Zech. ix, 7; xii, 5, 6). Tliis word is not to be confounded either witli the captain of a body of a thousand men, or with the "rulers of thousands," a kind of magistrates se- lected b}' jMoses, on the advice of Jetliro, for the pur- pose of judging the smaller matters during the sojourn of th3 Israelites in the desert; and who were, at a later period, superseded by the regular institution of the judges. The further use of the word in tlie sense of "friend" (parallel with V";], companion, Mio. vii, 5; Prov. xvi, 28, or "'l^p, acquaintance, Psa. Iv, 14) must uc traced directly to the root (~bx, to accustom one's self). It may further be noticed here that Matt, ii, 6 seems to have read the passage in IMic. v, 2, "^35X2 min^, "among the thousands [clans] of Judah," as mini 1312X3, "among the princes of Judah."
Derived froin the partic. act. (Kal and Piel) are the following four : 6. p^'n, p^n-Q, Ch)kik\ Mechokek' (from ppn), lit. an engraver, a writei" — scil. of laws (p'n, ppn, ppn, law, decree) ; a lawgiver (Gen. xlix, 10; Daut. xxxiii, 21); one who decides l)y the law: a judge (Isa. x, 1, parallel with "thej' that write;" witli "tliey tliat handle the pen of the writer," Judg. v, 14) ; "the Lord is our judge, the Lord is our luw- f/'rer, the Lord is our king" (Isa. xxxiii, 22) ; '• princes decree justice" (Prov. viii, 15), etc. The Talmud has retained the original meaning of engraving, painting, writing, e. g. Hp^'pn ''^i^'^ (Gem. Pes. 1, a), is ex- jiLiined bj' " of the engravers, scribes" {A ruck, s. v.), and the imitation implied in the notion of "drawing" has become lixed in the word npn (Talm. Chul. 41, b, " that he shall not imUate the Sadducees").
7. bd'i, Moskel' (b'.;3-2, to be stronrj), one who re'(jn.i, holds dominion, "rules;" used for nearlj' all degrees of power : of the taskmaster of the ant (Prov. vi, 7), tlie husband who rules his wife (Gen. iii, IG), Eliezer, who had the management of Abraham's house (Gen. xxiv, 2), Joseph, the second in command over a country (Gen. xlv, 8), an absolute king (Psa. cv, 20; Isa. xvi, 1); also in the bad sense of despot (Isa. xiv, 5) ; of the Messiah (Mic. v, 1) ; of God (1 Cliron. xxix, 12 ; Ps I. ciii, 1!>), etc. No less is the word applied to tlie sway wiiich tlie sun and moon hold over day and niglit (Gen. i, 18 ["omnium moderator et dux sol," Cic. Tiisc. i, (J8 ; "sol coeli rector," Pliny, ii, 4]). In th3 Talmudical tract Jad. 7G, b'wT2 is used for Pha- raoh.
8. 11?) ''^''"' (from "il'^i to rule, reign ; comp. Phoen. I:n3, ".13X10; Assyr. ID, king, e. g. " Nabukudur- rusur .Sar Babilu," Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Inscr. Borsippa, etc.), a word used of nearly all de- grees of cliiefdom or wardenship. It is applied to the chief baker of Pharaoh (Gen. xl, 16), to tlie cliief but- ler (xl, 2), to the "ruler over the cattle" (xlvii, 6), to the keeper of the prison (xxxix, 21), to the taskmaster of the Israelites (^Exod. i, 11), to the "iirince of the eunuchs" (Dan. i, 7), to tlie "master of the song," Chenaniah(l Chron. xv, 27); further, to priefects, civil or military, of very limited or very extensive authori- ty: Zebul, the "ruler of Shechcm" (Judg. x, 30); "Amon, the governor of the city" (1 KiuL'S xxii 2G) • pricfects of the provinces (1 Kings xx, 15); "decu- rion" (Exod. xviii, 21); "a captain of fifty," Trevrri- K.ii'rao\;or (2 Kings i, 19) ; captains (judges) over hundreds (Deut. i, 15) ; over a thousand (1 Sam. xviii, 3); over many tliousands (1 Chron. xv, 25); "cap- tain over half of the chariots of war" (1 Kings xvi, 9) ; "captain of the host" (2 Sam. xxiv, 2); gcneral-in- chief (Gen. xxi, 22; 1 Sam. xii, 9): hence nsod — after God of iiosts— of God himself (Dan. viii, 11). It oc- curs by itself in the absolute state as a parallel to "judge:" "who has made thee a pi-'mcr ami a indge over us?" (Exod. ii, 14); to "elder" (Ezra x, 8), to
"counsellor" (Ezra viii, 25), to "king" (Hos. iii, 4) The merchants of Tyre are called Dil'O, merchant- princes (Isa. xxiii, 9) ; tlie same term is applied to noblemen and courtiers, "the pi'inces of Pharaoh" (Gen. xii, 15) ; "princes of Zoan" (Isa. xix, 11, 13). The priests are called chiefs or princes of tlie sanctua- ry (Isa. xliii, 28 ; 1 Chron. xxv, 5), and the chief- priests again are called //Wices of the priests. Gradu- all)' the word came to be used of angels, as patrons and representatives of special nations (guardian an- gels) : of Persia (Dan. x, 13, 20) ; of Greece (Dan. x, 20); of Israel (x, 21); Michael, "the great prince" (xii, 1); the chief princes (x, 13); "the Prince of princes" — God (viii, 25 ; comp. Sept. in Deut. xxxii, 8). The use of lb as guardian angel is retained in tlie Midrash, but tlie word is also applied in the Tal- mud to " a liero at the table, a mighty drinker" {Nidd. IG, etc.). See Captain.