12. 'Hyf/i(o'n^ the Procurator of Judrea under the Eo- mans (Matt, xxvii, 2, etc.). The verb is emiilovcd (Luke ii, 2, etc.) to denote the nature of the jurisdic- tion of Quiriuus over the imperial province of Syria (see Gerlach, Die i\imi.<(hpn Sttitthalierin Syrien midJu- dda, Berl. 18G5). See Puocukator.
13. OIkoi'0)ioq (Gal. iv, 2), a steward, apparently in- trusted with the management of a minor's property. See Steward.
14. 'Ap\irp!K\n'oc (John ii, 9), '■^ the f/mrr-nnr of the feast." It has been conjectured, Ijut without much show of probability, that this officer corresponded to the ervii- Trorriapxor of the Greeks, whose duties are described by Plutarch (Sijmpos. Qticeat. 4), and to the arbiter bi- hendi of tlie Pomaus. Lightfoot supposes him to have been a kind of chaplain, who ])ronouiiced the blessings upon the wine that was drunk during the seven days of the marriage fo.ist. Again, some have taken him to l)e ('([uivalent to the TpatziZoiToioc, who is defined by Pollux {Onom. vi, 1) as one wlio had tlie charge of all the servants at a feast, the carvers, cup-bearers, cooks, etc. But there is nothing in the narrative of the marriage feast at Cana which would lead to the supposition that the ap\irpiK\n>oc held the rank of a
servant. He appears rather to have been on intim;:te terms with the bridegroom, and to have presided i.t the banquet in his stead. The duties of the master of a feast are given at full length in Ecclus. xxxv (xxxii).
See AUCHITRICLINUS.
In the apocryphal books, in addition to the common words dpxiiiv,Ciai7dT)]c,aTpaTi]yiJr,\\\w\\ are render- ed "governor," we find tTnararnc (1 Esdr. i, 8 ; Judith ii, 14), which closely corresponds to 'I'pE ; iTrapxog used of Zerubbabel and Tatnai (1 Esdr. vi, 3, 20 ; vii 1), and 7rpo0r«7-j/c, applied to Sheshbazzar (1 Esdr. ii, 12), both of which represent JnnS ; i(poaTOT)]Q (1 Esdr. vii, 2) and TrpocrTdTt]^: tov iepov (2 Mace, iii, 4), "the governor of the temple'' ^T^SJ (comp. 2 Chrcn. xxxv, 8); and aaTpd-rrijc (1 E>dr. iii, 2, 21), "a satrap," not al- ways used in its strict sense, but as the equivalent of nTparijyui; (Judith v, 2 ; vii, 8). — Smith, s. v. See Prince.
15. In James iii, 4, the Greek term rendered "gov- ernor" is tv^in'oji', a guide or director, i. e. helmsman (prop. K-ii/3f()r/;r/;(j, whence hat. r/itlernator, Eng. gov- ernor, the last in a diflerent sense). See Siiir.
The following list (modified from the BiLlical J?cpog- itory, 1832, p. 381, 382) of the presiding ofliccrs ( 1 .lu- da;a (q. v.) will be found useful in comparing the histo- ry of those times. See each name in its place, lor those of Syria, see Syria.
rKOCUKATorS OF jrn.EA. a.d.
(1.) Copnnhis 0- !)
('2.) Mavcur; Auiliiviii:^ i).\>
(3.) Aimin.-f lIuCiis. 'I'hc.'e three were appoiiitcd liy •
Aujjiif-tiis; tlie two fnllowing by Tiberius 1'2-15
(4.) Valerius Grains "[U- li
(5 ) Pontius Pilatus Llj-IG
(0.) Jlarcellii?, sent by Vitdliiis, llie guvernor of Syr- ia, in jilace of lilate ."G-3T
(T.) Jlarnllu?, sent by Ciiligiiln yT-4J
(S.) Publiiis ] etroniiis, who wa.s v.i tlie same time governoi- of Syria, managed the affairs of the Jews himself Under his successor Jlarsns j 1-n, there seems to liave been no distinct procunilor of JmUra for two
or three yeai's 40-42
(!'.) Cuspiiis Fadus, sent by Claudius 4.^46
(10.) Tiberius Alexander 4T-4'>
(11.) Ventidius Cumanus 4;)-.'>:!
(1'2.) A. Claudius Felix 5i)-.':5
(1 iJ.) I'ortins Testus, under Nero 55-(:2
(14.) Albinus (!'-G4
(1.5.) Gessitis Florus, the last procurator of Juca?a. . . C.5- (10 ) Josephu.s. however, speaks (H'dv, vi, 4, ?i) of a M: reus Antonius Julianus as being (ir having been) i rioiuator ('-■t'- TpoTTos) of Jiidaja in the last struggle h itli tliu Ilonians, .A.U. TO.
Govinda, Sixgii, the tenth and last (jitru (teach- er) of the sect of the Sikhs, was I orn at Patnah, in Be- har, in ICGl. He was a son of Tegh Bahadur, the ninth guru. He was educated at Madra Des, in the Punjab, where the Sikhs have always been very nu- merous. His father, whose jiower was offensive to f lie Great Mogul Aurungzebe, was put to death by ordtr of the latter in IGTo. Govinda himself had to retire to the n)ountains surrounding Djemnah, where he passed twenty-five years, devoting his time to relig- ious meditation, to the study of the Koran, of the relig- ious books of the Hindoos, and the Persian language. He then underfo( k a religious reformation of tiie Sikhs (q. v.). He claimed to be a special envoy of God, though he at the same time always declared that he was only a mortal man. He sanctioned the abolition of caste ; all the Sikhs are to be equal. 'I hey must onh' adore the one God. The worship of saints and of images of tlie Deitj' are regarded as acts of supersti- tion. The precepts contained in the Koran and the I'uranas cannot procure salvation. The faithful, on tiie contrary, must totally separate from the ^lussul- mans and the Hindoos. They are jiermitted to kill animals and to use tlieir flesh. Govinda declared all to be infamous, who would kill female children ; Init to exterminate the ^longols was, on the other hand, declared to be a meritorious act. War was to be the occupation of all his followers, to every one of whom