Of foreign origin is, 9. tinS, Fechah', !ir!2, HS ; Josephus, tTrapxoc, of Tatnai (Ant. xi, 4, 4). This word has been variously derived from the Persian for ^^ mar/nates'' (Bohlcn) ; Persic "to cook'' (Ewald) ; Persic for " Satelles," " Pediscquus" (Gesenius) ; from the Turkish for "general" (Frilhn); from the Assyr- ian Pakha (Sanscr. Pakhsha) ; whence ;;asA« — friend [of the king], adjutant, governor of a province (Ben- fey, Stern) -^ from the Arab. Pe, " the lower," and gdh, "royal office" =Pcgah, sub-king (Fiirst); from "the Arab, verb ".ns, u-alkn" (Jahn) ; and, finally, from the Hebrew ntlS = pp^, ray'to. It is applied to a sub- praifect of a province, who is subject to the authority of the prajfcct or real governor, in contradistinction from ■paiTrnX, a satrap (Esth. viii, 9) ; from lb (ib.); from ".10, " sagan," municipal officer (Jcr. Ii, 28) ; and from "biO, "king" or sub-king (2 Chron. ix, 14). It is used of the "chiefs" of provinces in the Assyrian (2 Kings xviii, 24; Isa. xxxvi, 9), Babylonian [Chal- dee] (Jcr. Ii, 57; Ezek. xxiii, 6, 23 ; Dan. iii, 2), Me- dian, and Persian empires ( Jer. Ii, 28 ; Esth. iii, 12; viii, 9). Palestine stood, while nnder Persian domin- ion, under such officers, called ^^pj-cpfecis over the riv- er" (Euplirates), whose official residence [X03] was in Jerusalem (Neh. iii, 7; Ezra v, 3; vi, G; Nch. ii, 7, 9). They were also called prwfccts of J udah (Hagg. i,l); e. g. Zerubbabel(Ezra ii,G3; Hagg. ii, 21, etc.); Nchemiah, who succeeded Sheshbazzar (Neh.,v, 5, 14; xviii, 12). The word seems to have been adopted into the Hebrew idiom at an early period, since we find it used in 1 Kings x, 15 (2 Chron. ix, 14) of the tributary chieftains " of the country" — together v.-ith the " kings of Arabia;" further, of Syrian captains to be put in the room of the (vice-) kings at the time of Bcn-hadnd (1 Kings xx, 24) ; and, finally, it passed current for an}' person in high authority who was to be iiropitia- ted by gifts (ilal. i, 8). With respect to the 2 of Ju= d;Ba, introduced by Persian rule, it would appear tliat their remuneration ("bread of the governor," Ezra : iv, 14) consisted partly in kind, partly in money ' ("bread, wine, and forty shekels of silver," Neli. v, 1.5), chargeable upon the people (Neh. v, 18: "One ' ox and six choice sheep, also fowls, and once in ten days store of all sorts of wine"). Their office seems chieflv to have consisted in collecting the taxes of the province (Ezra vi, 8) ; an office at a later period in the hands of the high-priest, and still later let out on lease. — Kitto, s. V. See Pahatii-Moaf..
10. The Chaldeo term "50, Segan' (in the plur, ■ii::0) is applied (Dan. iii, 2, 27 ; vi, 8) to the govern- ors of the Babylonian satrapies, in a general way, in connection witli other official terms, from which it is not clearly di.stingiiishablp, except that it appears to designate the provincial iirrefects or viceroys ; and elsewhere (Dan. ii, 48) it is applied to tbo prsfecta
GOVERNOR
960
GO YIN DA
over the Magi, of whom one is especially entitled as chief or supreme (3^) over his colleagues. The cor- responding Heb. term 'fi'O, sayan', is spoken of the provincial rulers under the Chaldee supremacy (Jer. li, 23, 28, 57, where it distinguished from rtn3, above ; Ezek. xxiii, 0, 12, 2:3; comp. Isa. xli, 25); also to the chiefs and rulers of the people of Jerusalem under the Persian supremacy (Ezra ix, 2 ; Neh. ii, IG ; iv, 8, 13 ; V, 7, 17 ; vii, 5 ; xii, 40 ; xiii, 11 ; in many of which passages it is associated with other titles of office or honor) ; and in the Targums it is used of the vicar of the high-priest, or the presiding officer of the Temple. Corresponding to this term are the modern Persian, Arabic, and Syriac words for satrap. It is apparently of Sanscrit origin. — Gesenius, s. v. ; Piirst, s. v.
The Greek terms rendered in the N. T. " governor" are the following, of which the first two relate to pub- lic or militarj' officers, and the last two to domestic usages :
11. 'EOvapxvCj E/knarch(2 Cor. xi, 32), an officer of rank under Aretas, the Arabian king of Damascus. It is not easy to determine the capacity in which he act- ed. The term is applied in 1 Mace, xiv, 47 ; xv, 1, to Simon the high-priest, who was made general and eth- narch of the Jews as a vassal of Demetrius. From this the office would appear to be distinct from a mili- tary command. The jurisdiction of Archelaus, called by Josephus {War, ii, C, 3) an ethnarchy, extended over IduniiTa and all Judiija, the half of his father's kingdom, which he held as the emperor's vassal. But, on the other hand, Strabo (xvii, 13), in enumerating the officers who formed part of the machinery of the Eoman government in Egj'pt, mentions ethnai'chs ap- parently as inferior both to the military commanders, and to the nionarchs, or governors of districts. Again, the prefect of the colony of Jews in Alexandria (called b}' Philo yn'apxijr, lib. in Flacc. § 10) is designated by this title in the edict of Claudius given by Josephus (/1»<. xix, 5, 2). According to Strabo (Joseph, ^wf. xiv, 7, 2), he exercised the prerogatives of an ordinary independent ruler. It has therefore been conjectured that the ethnarch of Damascus was merel}- the govern- or of the resident Jews, and this conjecture receives some support from the parallel narrative in Acts ix, 24, where the Jews alone are said to have taken part in the conspiracv against the apostle. But it docs not seem prol)able that an officer of such limited jurisdic- tion would be styled "the ethnarch of Aretas the king; and as the term is clearly capable of a wide range of meaning, it was most likely intended to denote one who held the city and district of Damascus as the king's vassal or representative. See Etiinakch.