I. Tone.
zum Gebrauch der Evangelischen Bruedergemeinden) he was pre-eminent, furnishing more than three hun- dred hymns of his own. He published, besides, a val- uable collection of chorals and anthems, and composed a number of the liturgical services which are still in use. (E. de S.)
Gregorian, a title of the Armenian Church (q. v.), taken from Gregory oj" Armenia (q. v.).
Gregorian Calendar. See Calendar.
Gregorian Chant, Rite, Liturgy. Pope Greg- ory the Great established a form for the administration of the sacraments (after that of Gelasius, which may be found in the '■^ Sacramentarg oJ" Gregoi-y^^'), collect- ed, arranged, and improved the chants which had al- ready been used for centuries before his time, and es- tablished a musical school to teach chanting at Rome, in which he took great interest up to the time of his death. The collection of chants compiled by Gregory forms the basis of modern cathedral music in the Church of Rome, and also in the Church of England. — Palmer, Orlgines Liturgicce, vol. i, § 6. See Liturgy.
" The foundation of the system of the Gregorian tones may be explained thus : As there are seven notes from a to g, there should be at least seven dif- ferent modes, or tone-systems, varj'ing from each oth- er according to the position of the semitones.; but as the final or key-note of each mode might be the first note or might be in the middle, the same scale could therefore, as it were, be viewed from two sides, which gave rise to the fourteen system of tones. It was, however, found that two of those were at variance with a fundamental rule of church song, viz. that every mode or scale must possess a perfect fifth or perfect fourth ; and that the modes containing a false fifth from b natural toy natural, or a false fourth from 6 to f, could not be used, and, on account of the dissonant character of these intervals, must be rejected. This reduced the number of the tones to twelve. It was further found, that as four of the twelve were merely transpositions of some of the others, there were really onlj' eight, and that they were in every respect suffi- cient for all the purposes of church song. The eight Gregorian tones, as the}' are handed down to us, were in time fixed by a royal mandate of Charlema^ine — octo toni snfficere videntur. The following example in modern notation in the G clef will show the position of the eight Gregorian tones:
4th.
5th.
4th.
III. Tone.
4th. 5th.
:E=t:=f:— t!z
l=33iilipi=|fi=gt^iiL=i|i3ii^|
II. Tone.
IV. Tone.
4th.
V. Tone.
5th.
4th.
4th.
VII. Tone.
5th.
4th.
Ei='Ji^ir^eiplf^^iEE^fiPife?l^
VI. Tone.
VIII. Tone.
Gregor, Christian, an eminent bishop and hym- nologist of the ^Moravian Church, was born Jan. 1, 1723, at Diersdorf, in Silesia, and died Nov. G, 1801, at Berthclsdorf, in Saxony. He spent a year "and a lialf (1770-1772) in America, en an official visit to the churches of the Brethren. Among the compilers of the large German Moravian Hymn-book (Gesangbuch
The different character of the Gregorian tones depends entirely on the places of the semitones, which in the above example are marked with a ^^-^ . Several of the tones have various endings, some as many as four, while the second, fifth, and sixth tones have each only one ending. Tor a full and interesting account of the Gregorian church music, see N. A. Janssen's Grundre-
GREGORIAN MASS
993 GREGORIUS NAZIANZENUS
gelii des Gregorianschen Kirchengesanges, published by Schott in Mainz, 184(3." — Chambers, Encydop. s. v.
Gregorian Mass. See Mass.
Gregorian Year. See Yeak.
Gregorius (r^j^yopioc) Agrigentinus, or St. Gregory of Agrigentuni, a Greek theologian, was born near Agrigentiim about A.D. 524. Destined for the priesthood by his pious parents, he studied at Jerusa- lem for five j'ears, and was there ordained deacon. Thence he went to Antioch and Constantinople, and gained high repute in both places for learning, elo- quence, and sanctity. From Constantinople he went to Rome, and the pope named him bishop of Agrigen- tuni in Sicily. Two disappointed aspirants for the see hired a prostitute to charge him with fornication. He went to Constantinople, and was pronounced innocent by Justinian. Returning to Agrigentum, he died there, Nov. 23, 562. He wrote Orationes and Condones; also a Commentarius in Ecdesiasten. This last is lost ; the others are given in the life of Gregory, by Leontius, to be found in Cajetanus, Sandi Siculi, vol. i. — Hoefer, Kouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 850 ; Cave, Hist. Lit. anno 535 ; Clarke, Succession of Sacred Literature, ii, 512.
Gregoriiis Alexandrinus {Gregory of Alexan- dria')^ patriarch from A.D. 341 to 348. He was chosen by the Arian prelates at the Council of Antioch, A.D. 341, though the see really belonged to Athanasius, then in exile. He is said to have been a Cappadocian, but his earl}^ history is not known. The orthodox party charge him with very violent and oppressive conduct. The Council of Sardica (A.D. 347) declared that he was "not only not a bishop, but not a Christian." The pre- cise date of his death is uncertain, but it seems to have been shortly before the return of Athanasius from his second exile, A.D. 349. Socrates and Sozomen, how- ever, say tliat he was deposed by his own party be- cause he did not act with sufficient zeal against their enemies (A.D. 354). — Socrates, Hist. Eccl. ii, 10, 14; Sozomen, Hist. Eccl. iii, 5, 7 ; Theodoret, Hist. Eccl. ii, 4, 12 ; Tillemont, Memoires, t. viii ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 875.