Gregorius Antiochensis {Gregory of Antioch), a Greek theologian of tlie 6th centur^^ First a monlt at Constantinople, he became afterwards abbot of a monastery on Mt. Sinai. The Arabs besieged the con- vent, Init he succeeded in making peace with them and in keeping it. He was appointed patriarch of Antioch on the deposition of Anastasius, A.D. 570 or 571 (Baro- nius makes it A.D. 573). One of his friends, Anato- lius, was put to death with severe tortures on a charge of magic, and the people of Antioch accused Gregory of complicity with him, but he was acquitted. His enemies then charged him with incest with his own sister : of this, too, he was acquitted. Wearj' of con- tention, Gregory gave up his see to Anastasius, and soon after died (about A.D. 594). He distinguished himself by his hostility to the Acephali (q. v.). When the imperial troops rebelled in Persia, Gregory brought them back by an oration, which is preserved by Eva- grius, under the title A?;/toyopi'o Tvpog tov arparov : he wrote also Adyoc tic tuq ixvpo<p6poi'g {oratio in mnlieres unguentiferas') ; and both are given in Gallandii Bihl. Putrum, t. xii. See Evagrius, Hist. Eccl. v, 6, 18 ; vi, 4, 11, 18, 24 ; Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Myth, ii, 308 ; Hoefer, iVouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 875.
Gregorius Caesariensis {Gregory ofCmarea), a presbyter of the city of that name in Cappadocia in the 10th century. He wrote a life of Gregor}' of Na- zianzus, which is given in a Latin version bj' Billens, in his edition of Gregory of Nazianzus. It is also in Surius, Vit. Sanct. May, 121. We have also of Greg- ory a panegyric in Patres Nicmnos, in Combcfis, No- vum Auctariiim, ii, 547. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 878; Clarke, Succession of Sac. Lit. ii, 565.
Gregorius Monachus (Gregory the Monk), a III.— R K R
Greek writer of the first part of the 10th centur}'. Though always called "the monk," he was not such, as he did not live in a convent, Ijut practised an ascet- ic life at his own home. His spiritual guide was St. Basil the Younger, after whose death he wrote two memoirs of him, one of which survives in the Acta Sanc- torum, March, iii, 6G7. With many absurd stories, it gives a good deal of valuable historical matter. — Fa- bricius, Bibl. Grteca, x, 206; Cave, Hist. Lit. anno 940; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxi, 877.
Gregorius Nazianzenus {Gregory of Nazian- zus, or Nazianzum'), one of the greatest of the Greek Church fathers, was born either at Arianzus, a small village in Cappadocia, near the town of Nazianzus (or Nazianzum), from which he derives his surname, and of which his father was bishop, or else in the town of Nazianzum itself. The date of his birth has never been precisely settled, but it was probably about A.D. 330 (see Ullmann, Life of Gregory, Appendix i). His pious mother, Nonna, devoted him when an infant to Christ and the Church. His education, which com- menced at Cajsarea in Cappadocia, was prosecuted next at Cajsarea Philippi, and at Alexandria, and was finished at Athens, where he began a life-long inti- macy with Basil the Great. See Basil. He was also a fellow-student with Julian, afterwards the apostate emperor. Gregory, with a quick instinct, discerned the character of Julian even then, and said to one of his friends, "How great a scourge is here in training for the Roman empire!" He remained at Athens nearly ten j'ears, part of which he employed in teach- ing rhetoric with great success. About A.D. 356 ht returned to Nazianzum, where he intended to enter upon civil life. Shortly after he was baptized, and consecrated himself anew to the service of God, re- solving that his gift of eloquence should serve no in- terests but those of God and the Church. But for his aged father, he would probably at this time have gone into the desert to lead an ascetic life, at least for some years. At home he remained, and devoted him- self to the study of the Scriptures, living bj' rule a life of the strictest self-denial. About A.D. 359 he visited Basil in his retreat, and remained a short time with him in the practice of ascetic and devotional acts. Returning home at the request of his father, probably to aid in the settlement of a difficulty into wliich the aged bishop had fallen by signing the Armenian for- mula, which favored Arianism (Ullmann;Z,i/e of Greg- ory, ch. iv, § 2), he was soon after (perhaps), at Christ- mas, A.D. 361, ordained suddenlj', and without fore- warning, by his father, before the congregation. These "violent" ordinations were not uncommon in the ear- ly Church. Gregory was, however, greatly displeased, and pronounced the transaction "an act of spiritual tyranny." Either to calm his feelings, or to prepare himself thoroughly for his new functions, he again re- tired to his friend Basil in Pontus earlj' in A.D. 362. The commands of his father and the calls of the Church brought him back to Nazianzum towards Easter, and on that festival he delivered his first oration.
The next six or seven years were spent in pastoral labor at Nazianzum ; happily, it seems, on the part of Gregor}', though with some mortification to his pride, from a change of feeling towards him on the part of the fickle populace, who, after almost forcing him to serve them, afterwards neglected his ministry {Orat. iii, Bened. ed. p. 69). His brother Cresarius, who practiced medicine, had heconie a favorite of Juli- an, and this prince endeavored, by his favors, to bring him back to paganism. The Christians nmrmured at seeing the son of a bishop living openly at the court of their enemy. Gregorj^ succeeded in inducing Cse- sarius to return to Cappadocia (A.D. 362). Julian's edict forbidding Christians to read the pagan authors was a severe blow to the Christians, and none felt it more than Gregory. His two discourses against Juli- an (prepared after his death, A.D. 363) are written as